{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122344396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2009.2019829","title":"Facetwise Analysis of XCS for Problems With Class Imbalances","display_name":"Facetwise Analysis of XCS for Problems With Class Imbalances","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122344396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2009.2019829","mag":"2122344396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tevc.2009.2019829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2009.2019829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93787993","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1089-778X","issn":["1089-778X","1941-0026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071033329","display_name":"Albert Orriols-Puig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5593406","display_name":"Universitat Ramon Llull","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9k2z50","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Orriols-Puig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grup de Recerca en Sistemes Intel\u00b7ligents, La Salle - Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain","Grup de Recerca en Sistemes Intelligents, La Salle - Univ. Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grup de Recerca en Sistemes Intel\u00b7ligents, La Salle - Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grup de Recerca en Sistemes Intelligents, La Salle - Univ. Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050251949","display_name":"Ester Bernad\u00f3-Mansilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9204-4144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5593406","display_name":"Universitat Ramon Llull","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9k2z50","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Bernado-Mansilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grup de Recerca en Sistemes Intel\u00b7ligents, La Salle - Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain","Grup de Recerca en Sistemes Intelligents, La Salle - Univ. Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grup de Recerca en Sistemes Intel\u00b7ligents, La Salle - Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grup de Recerca en Sistemes Intelligents, La Salle - Univ. Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110057218","display_name":"David E. Goldberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183874917","display_name":"Urbana University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kp3hw27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183874917"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.E. Goldberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","Dept. of Ind. & Enterprise Syst. Eng., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Ind. & Enterprise Syst. Eng., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183874917","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109916092","display_name":"Kumara Sastry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183874917","display_name":"Urbana University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kp3hw27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183874917"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Sastry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Lithography Group, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","Dept. of Ind. & Enterprise Syst. Eng., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Lithography Group, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Ind. & Enterprise Syst. Eng., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183874917","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040796351","display_name":"Pier Luca Lanzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1933-7717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.L. Lanzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information, Artificial Intelligence Robotics Laboratory, Milan, Italy","Dept. of Electron. & Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information, Artificial Intelligence Robotics Laboratory, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. & Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071033329"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7237,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97820462,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"1093","last_page":"1119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11663","display_name":"Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects","score":0.9363999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.642910361289978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6378121376037598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6278843879699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6084582209587097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6045753955841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.48656976222991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.45779305696487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.41522741317749023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.642910361289978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6378121376037598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6278843879699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6084582209587097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6045753955841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.48656976222991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.45779305696487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.41522741317749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tevc.2009.2019829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2009.2019829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93787993","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1089-778X","issn":["1089-778X","1941-0026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/568642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/568642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W117266877","https://openalex.org/W145450961","https://openalex.org/W195633326","https://openalex.org/W332851652","https://openalex.org/W1480497081","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1505852642","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1522248781","https://openalex.org/W1535810436","https://openalex.org/W1568834902","https://openalex.org/W1576283494","https://openalex.org/W1584428002","https://openalex.org/W1595468493","https://openalex.org/W1941659294","https://openalex.org/W1964061843","https://openalex.org/W1965895350","https://openalex.org/W1974079881","https://openalex.org/W1979953032","https://openalex.org/W1984836227","https://openalex.org/W1989101984","https://openalex.org/W1990046613","https://openalex.org/W1993220166","https://openalex.org/W2011376672","https://openalex.org/W2043914549","https://openalex.org/W2051777484","https://openalex.org/W2052153221","https://openalex.org/W2053724458","https://openalex.org/W2059844027","https://openalex.org/W2084028892","https://openalex.org/W2095482111","https://openalex.org/W2098888151","https://openalex.org/W2106136950","https://openalex.org/W2114143507","https://openalex.org/W2114968414","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2122833562","https://openalex.org/W2134367663","https://openalex.org/W2137261852","https://openalex.org/W2139281265","https://openalex.org/W2145227912","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2151772090","https://openalex.org/W2152150600","https://openalex.org/W2152615835","https://openalex.org/W2157838568","https://openalex.org/W2161110999","https://openalex.org/W2286297822","https://openalex.org/W2297432279","https://openalex.org/W2341283081","https://openalex.org/W3011460294","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4244494905","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W6604783959","https://openalex.org/W6605907934","https://openalex.org/W6607979454","https://openalex.org/W6632223199","https://openalex.org/W6681723757"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2380059383","https://openalex.org/W2063679720","https://openalex.org/W1517908938","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2067481825","https://openalex.org/W2075046161","https://openalex.org/W2185495545","https://openalex.org/W2547083368","https://openalex.org/W2031856784","https://openalex.org/W2950182480"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Michigan-style":[0,68,131],"learning":[1,8,28],"classifier":[2],"systems":[3],"(LCSs)":[4],"are":[5,152,175,180],"online":[6],"machine":[7,27],"techniques":[9],"that":[10,67,75,151,168,227,249],"incrementally":[11],"evolve":[12,206],"distributed":[13],"subsolutions":[14,74],"which":[15,41,127],"individually":[16],"solve":[17,245],"a":[18,58,218,222],"portion":[19],"of":[20,43,87,94,106,115,158,187,209,224],"the":[21,44,52,77,92,104,113,129,134,156,195],"problem":[22],"space.":[23],"As":[24],"in":[25,40,80,101,160],"many":[26],"systems,":[29],"extracting":[30],"accurate":[31,73,207],"models":[32,135,167,179,190,208],"from":[33],"problems":[34,39,248],"with":[35,49,82,162,182],"class":[36,79,116,163],"imbalances-that":[37],"is,":[38],"one":[42],"classes":[45],"is":[46,109,128,145,200,215,239],"poorly":[47],"represented":[48],"respect":[50],"to":[51,61,71,110,140,147,154,193,202,229,232,241,244],"other":[53,141],"classes-has":[54],"been":[55,99],"identified":[56],"as":[57,217],"key":[59],"challenge":[60],"LCSs.":[62,142],"Empirical":[63],"studies":[64],"have":[65,97,228],"shown":[66,240],"LCSs":[69,159],"fail":[70],"provide":[72],"represent":[76],"minority":[78],"domains":[81,161],"moderate":[83],"and":[84,165,204],"large":[85],"disproportion":[86],"examples":[88],"per":[89],"class;":[90],"however,":[91],"causes":[93],"this":[95,107],"failure":[96],"not":[98],"analyzed":[100],"detail.":[102],"Therefore,":[103],"aim":[105],"paper":[108],"carefully":[111],"examine":[112],"effect":[114],"imbalances":[117],"on":[118,125],"different":[119,171],"LCS":[120],"components.":[121],"The":[122,185],"analysis":[123,214],"focuses":[124],"XCS,":[126],"most-relevant":[130],"LCS,":[132],"although":[133],"could":[136],"be":[137,230,242],"easily":[138],"adapted":[139],"Design":[143],"decomposition":[144],"used":[146,216],"identify":[148,194],"five":[149],"elements":[150,172],"crucial":[153],"guaranteeing":[155],"success":[157],"imbalances,":[164],"facetwise":[166,213],"explain":[169],"these":[170,189],"for":[173,220],"XCS":[174,199,238],"developed.":[176],"All":[177],"theoretical":[178],"validated":[181],"artificial":[183],"problems.":[184],"integration":[186],"all":[188],"enables":[191],"us":[192],"sweet":[196],"spot":[197],"where":[198],"able":[201,243],"scalably":[203],"efficiently":[205],"rare":[210],"classes;":[211],"furthermore,":[212],"tool":[219],"designing":[221],"set":[223],"configuration":[225],"guidelines":[226],"followed":[231],"ensure":[233],"convergence.":[234],"When":[235],"properly":[236],"configured,":[237],"highly":[246],"unbalanced":[247],"previously":[250],"eluded":[251],"solution.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}