{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410638757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2025.3567604","title":"Explainability, Robustness, and Fairness in User-Centric Intelligent Systems: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Explainability, Robustness, and Fairness in User-Centric Intelligent Systems: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410638757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2025.3567604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2025.3567604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2025.3567604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102733653","display_name":"Idrees A. Zahid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7784-8216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Idrees A. Zahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Center, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Center, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037997581","display_name":"Salem Garfan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1310-6931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143923087","display_name":"Sultan Idris Education University","ror":"https://ror.org/005bjd415","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143923087"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salem Garfan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Meta-Technology, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1310-6931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Meta-Technology, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143923087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047495325","display_name":"M.A. Chyad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-2974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I277213931","display_name":"Alrafidain University College","ror":"https://ror.org/0204z0d18","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277213931"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.A. Chyad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity Engineering, Bilad Alrafidain University College, Baquba, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity Engineering, Bilad Alrafidain University College, Baquba, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I277213931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012505948","display_name":"A. S. Albahri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3335-457X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. S. Albahri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical Engineering College, Imam Ja&#x0027;afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Engineering College, Imam Ja&#x0027;afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112735320","display_name":"O. S. Albahri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7844-3990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15873915","display_name":"Mustansiriyah University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s04wy35","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15873915"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156470","display_name":"Mazaya University College","ror":"https://ror.org/058arh533","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156470"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. S. Albahri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Techniques Engineering Department, Mazaya University College, Nasiriyah, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Techniques Engineering Department, Mazaya University College, Nasiriyah, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15873915","https://openalex.org/I4387156470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103203607","display_name":"A.H. Alamoodi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0001-1602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146367977","display_name":"Applied Science Private University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ah6nb52","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146367977"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. H. Alamoodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0001-1602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146367977"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051710693","display_name":"Muhammet Deveci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3712-976X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157637111","display_name":"Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/05syseh24","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157637111"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammet Deveci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Turkish Naval Academy, National Defence University, Istanbul, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3712-976X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Turkish Naval Academy, National Defence University, Istanbul, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157637111"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072179330","display_name":"Raad Z. Homod","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-7539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126633494","display_name":"University of Basrah","ror":"https://ror.org/00840ea57","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126633494"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raad Z. Homod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oil and Gas Engineering, Basrah Oil and Gas University, Basra, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oil and Gas Engineering, Basrah Oil and Gas University, Basra, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126633494"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102889969","display_name":"Laith Alzubaidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7296-5413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laith Alzubaidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9215,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88356452,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"6","first_page":"3728","last_page":"3753"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.7177000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.7177000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7333192825317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5340776443481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.41840052604675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.34207189083099365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.22255900502204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.06969889998435974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7333192825317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5340776443481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.41840052604675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34207189083099365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.22255900502204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.06969889998435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2025.3567604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2025.3567604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":141,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2912094291","https://openalex.org/W2942444880","https://openalex.org/W2947686205","https://openalex.org/W2958089299","https://openalex.org/W2970782256","https://openalex.org/W2974817986","https://openalex.org/W2999765337","https://openalex.org/W3001062618","https://openalex.org/W3005597613","https://openalex.org/W3007542085","https://openalex.org/W3009578469","https://openalex.org/W3013308250","https://openalex.org/W3028765225","https://openalex.org/W3030162882","https://openalex.org/W3036047738","https://openalex.org/W3037032043","https://openalex.org/W3041288499","https://openalex.org/W3064925155","https://openalex.org/W3081129413","https://openalex.org/W3081288214","https://openalex.org/W3083878034","https://openalex.org/W3092259203","https://openalex.org/W3099862073","https://openalex.org/W3105525146","https://openalex.org/W3119840119","https://openalex.org/W3129006292","https://openalex.org/W3134165704","https://openalex.org/W3137042118","https://openalex.org/W3138463903","https://openalex.org/W3143756750","https://openalex.org/W3150811281","https://openalex.org/W3160223075","https://openalex.org/W3162866579","https://openalex.org/W3163128657","https://openalex.org/W3164846705","https://openalex.org/W3165381529","https://openalex.org/W3166873126","https://openalex.org/W3171973514","https://openalex.org/W3173188376","https://openalex.org/W3173924498","https://openalex.org/W3179695266","https://openalex.org/W3180701834","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3186975810","https://openalex.org/W3187293469","https://openalex.org/W3189562078","https://openalex.org/W3191257699","https://openalex.org/W3193953544","https://openalex.org/W3195765557","https://openalex.org/W3196860672","https://openalex.org/W3201854521","https://openalex.org/W3202197259","https://openalex.org/W3203862194","https://openalex.org/W3208971243","https://openalex.org/W3209035954","https://openalex.org/W3210065386","https://openalex.org/W3210179814","https://openalex.org/W3210829824","https://openalex.org/W3213384164","https://openalex.org/W3214024265","https://openalex.org/W3216065183","https://openalex.org/W4206124306","https://openalex.org/W4210361514","https://openalex.org/W4212866163","https://openalex.org/W4214567027","https://openalex.org/W4220699816","https://openalex.org/W4220823369","https://openalex.org/W4220939173","https://openalex.org/W4221089269","https://openalex.org/W4225014345","https://openalex.org/W4229371401","https://openalex.org/W4282027681","https://openalex.org/W4283068826","https://openalex.org/W4283644014","https://openalex.org/W4287921780","https://openalex.org/W4288032566","https://openalex.org/W4293811063","https://openalex.org/W4294805164","https://openalex.org/W4296591849","https://openalex.org/W4296982335","https://openalex.org/W4297685013","https://openalex.org/W4298113260","https://openalex.org/W4303520777","https://openalex.org/W4304757966","https://openalex.org/W4306317010","https://openalex.org/W4306410648","https://openalex.org/W4306790271","https://openalex.org/W4307569450","https://openalex.org/W4308292292","https://openalex.org/W4308467154","https://openalex.org/W4309618087","https://openalex.org/W4309645863","https://openalex.org/W4309765757","https://openalex.org/W4310791586","https://openalex.org/W4311354629","https://openalex.org/W4312190897","https://openalex.org/W4312221922","https://openalex.org/W4312623428","https://openalex.org/W4312732487","https://openalex.org/W4313256260","https://openalex.org/W4315701371","https://openalex.org/W4317036834","https://openalex.org/W4318148171","https://openalex.org/W4320476369","https://openalex.org/W4321598326","https://openalex.org/W4321792579","https://openalex.org/W4321793865","https://openalex.org/W4327498249","https://openalex.org/W4327714036","https://openalex.org/W4328113972","https://openalex.org/W4361806248","https://openalex.org/W4365998993","https://openalex.org/W4366003124","https://openalex.org/W4366262984","https://openalex.org/W4366547597","https://openalex.org/W4366550162","https://openalex.org/W4366590516","https://openalex.org/W4378071405","https://openalex.org/W4378084139","https://openalex.org/W4379385691","https://openalex.org/W4379742368","https://openalex.org/W4380319445","https://openalex.org/W4381185832","https://openalex.org/W4381512557","https://openalex.org/W4383375614","https://openalex.org/W4383648423","https://openalex.org/W4383652548","https://openalex.org/W4384523428","https://openalex.org/W4384890835","https://openalex.org/W4385564466","https://openalex.org/W4385640783","https://openalex.org/W4386142022","https://openalex.org/W4386324990","https://openalex.org/W4388750752","https://openalex.org/W4398142542","https://openalex.org/W4398618149","https://openalex.org/W4401252704","https://openalex.org/W4401851907","https://openalex.org/W4402069577","https://openalex.org/W4402811772"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"demand":[1],"for":[2,172],"tailored":[3],"user-centric":[4,23,142,162,176,196],"systems":[5,178],"is":[6,102],"increasing":[7],"in":[8,94,117,141],"the":[9,20,45,82,89,121,174,181,192],"evolving":[10],"landscape":[11],"of":[12,62,139,195],"artificial":[13],"intelligence":[14],"(AI).":[15],"This":[16,126,165],"paper":[17,127,166],"systematically":[18],"explores":[19,128],"literature":[21,40,83,122,149],"on":[22,27],"intelligent":[24,143,163,177,197],"systems,":[25],"focusing":[26],"three":[28],"vital":[29],"dimensions:":[30],"explainability,":[31,85],"robustness,":[32,86],"and":[33,42,65,87,99,115,131,155,160],"fairness.":[34],"By":[35],"employing":[36],"a":[37,68,78,136,147,169],"rigorous":[38],"systematic":[39],"review":[41],"adhering":[43],"to":[44],"PRISMA":[46],"protocol,":[47],"this":[48,96,151,189],"study":[49],"scrutinizes":[50],"articles":[51],"from":[52,71,112],"several":[53],"esteemed":[54],"online":[55],"scientific":[56],"journals\u2014IEEE":[57],"Xplore,":[58],"ScienceDirect":[59],"(SD),":[60],"Web":[61],"Science":[63],"(WoS),":[64],"Scopus.":[66],"Crafting":[67],"coherent":[69],"taxonomy":[70,91],"insights":[72,111],"gained":[73],"through":[74,104,123],"meticulous":[75],"analysis,":[76],"ensuring":[77],"comprehensive":[79],"review.":[80],"Categorizing":[81],"by":[84],"fairness,":[88],"resulting":[90],"aids":[92],"readers":[93,154],"navigating":[95],"intricate":[97],"domain,":[98],"each":[100],"category":[101],"investigated":[103],"different":[105],"approaches.":[106],"Detailed":[107],"discussions,":[108],"enriched":[109],"with":[110],"challenges,":[113],"motivations,":[114],"recommendations":[116],"prior":[118],"articles,":[119],"analyse":[120],"identified":[124],"perspectives.":[125],"datasets,":[129],"methods,":[130],"frameworks":[132],"researchers":[133],"employ,":[134],"providing":[135],"holistic":[137],"view":[138],"methodologies":[140],"systems.":[144,164,198],"Going":[145],"beyond":[146],"standard":[148],"review,":[150],"work":[152],"guides":[153],"future":[156],"researchers,":[157],"addressing":[158],"challenges":[159],"advancing":[161],"serves":[167],"as":[168],"significant":[170],"resource":[171],"understanding":[173],"current":[175],"landscape.":[179],"As":[180],"field":[182],"evolves,":[183],"subsequent":[184],"works":[185],"can":[186],"build":[187],"upon":[188],"foundation,":[190],"exploring":[191],"nuanced":[193],"dimensions":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
