{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402039893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3444698","title":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search for Capacitated Electric Vehicle Routing Problems","display_name":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search for Capacitated Electric Vehicle Routing Problems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402039893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3444698"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2024.3444698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3444698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058239253","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4788-6860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Autonomous Unmanned System Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4788-6860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Autonomous Unmanned System Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102076182","display_name":"Mengmeng Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengmeng Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029561912","display_name":"Hao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-3398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Autonomous Unmanned System Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Autonomous Unmanned System Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039480515","display_name":"Xiaoshu Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9107-1677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802624667","display_name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science","ror":"https://ror.org/046n57345","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802624667"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoshu Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9107-1677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143","https://openalex.org/I2802624667"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028634381","display_name":"Xingyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5052-000X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5052-000X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9705,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.975,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"131","last_page":"144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.856604278087616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.582493782043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.4932505488395691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4901776909828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.4603005051612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38102996349334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.20519793033599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1598595678806305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.856604278087616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.582493782043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.4932505488395691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4901776909828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.4603005051612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38102996349334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.20519793033599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1598595678806305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2024.3444698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3444698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1587654214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62106002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2757623951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20512","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3704674076","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2008085QF308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3976712746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2208085QF194","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7124314820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W1429802841","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1965856911","https://openalex.org/W1967536980","https://openalex.org/W2013031437","https://openalex.org/W2023284604","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2048809119","https://openalex.org/W2094764575","https://openalex.org/W2105002757","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2166484956","https://openalex.org/W2561090815","https://openalex.org/W2568495703","https://openalex.org/W2593704234","https://openalex.org/W2613252118","https://openalex.org/W2767886329","https://openalex.org/W2805028331","https://openalex.org/W2883420779","https://openalex.org/W2905126357","https://openalex.org/W2914011715","https://openalex.org/W2989600150","https://openalex.org/W2993732350","https://openalex.org/W2999537755","https://openalex.org/W3006678403","https://openalex.org/W3042904382","https://openalex.org/W3081133469","https://openalex.org/W3083445116","https://openalex.org/W3085063431","https://openalex.org/W3132822088","https://openalex.org/W3133854334","https://openalex.org/W3146106549","https://openalex.org/W3154344835","https://openalex.org/W3209989022","https://openalex.org/W4210713853","https://openalex.org/W4280563598","https://openalex.org/W4290717021","https://openalex.org/W4296520336","https://openalex.org/W4366147775","https://openalex.org/W4384080806","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6725207838","https://openalex.org/W6730742100","https://openalex.org/W6736495275","https://openalex.org/W6748487558","https://openalex.org/W6758687306","https://openalex.org/W6763838503","https://openalex.org/W6771561114","https://openalex.org/W6775174418","https://openalex.org/W6778101208","https://openalex.org/W6803178075","https://openalex.org/W6940695061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W4312143452","https://openalex.org/W2018691209","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W4247364272","https://openalex.org/W2106552856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Capacitated":[1],"Electric":[2],"Vehicle":[3],"Routing":[4],"Problem":[5],"(CEVRP)":[6],"poses":[7],"a":[8,57,88,116,122,159,185],"novel":[9,123,186],"challenge":[10],"within":[11],"the":[12,34,53,64,80,94,97,111,150,154,171,177,181,193,203,209,221],"field":[13],"of":[14,22,67,100,113,139,153,227],"vehicle":[15,29],"routing":[16],"optimization,":[17],"as":[18,115],"it":[19,85],"requires":[20,243],"consideration":[21],"both":[23,140],"customer":[24],"service":[25],"requirements":[26],"and":[27,50,120,142,242],"electric":[28],"recharging":[30],"schedules.":[31],"In":[32],"addressing":[33],"CEVRP,":[35,95],"Adaptive":[36],"Large":[37],"Neighborhood":[38],"Search":[39],"(ALNS)":[40],"has":[41],"garnered":[42],"widespread":[43],"acclaim":[44],"due":[45],"to":[46,69,75,165,191,247],"its":[47],"remarkable":[48],"adaptability":[49],"versatility.":[51],"However,":[52],"original":[54],"ALNS,":[55],"using":[56],"weight-based":[58],"scoring":[59],"method,":[60],"relies":[61],"solely":[62],"on":[63,104,126,149],"past":[65],"performances":[66],"operators":[68,114],"determine":[70],"their":[71],"weights,":[72],"thereby":[73],"failing":[74],"capture":[76],"crucial":[77],"information":[78],"about":[79],"ongoing":[81],"search":[82,155],"process.":[83,156,183],"Moreover,":[84],"often":[86],"employs":[87],"fixed":[89],"single":[90],"charging":[91,102,146],"strategy":[92],"for":[93,131,202],"neglecting":[96],"potential":[98],"impact":[99],"alternative":[101],"strategies":[103],"solution":[105],"improvement.":[106],"Therefore,":[107],"this":[108],"study":[109],"treats":[110],"selection":[112,138],"Markov":[117],"Decision":[118],"Process":[119],"introduces":[121],"approach":[124,135],"based":[125,148],"Deep":[127],"Reinforcement":[128],"Learning":[129],"(DRL)":[130],"operator":[132,200],"selection.":[133],"This":[134],"enables":[136],"adaptive":[137],"destroy":[141],"repair":[143],"operators,":[144],"alongside":[145],"strategies,":[147],"current":[151],"state":[152,160],"More":[157],"specifically,":[158],"extraction":[161],"method":[162],"is":[163,189],"devised":[164],"extract":[166],"features":[167],"not":[168],"only":[169],"from":[170,176],"problem":[172],"itself":[173],"but":[174],"also":[175,232],"solutions":[178],"generated":[179],"during":[180],"iterative":[182],"Additionally,":[184],"reward":[187],"function":[188],"designed":[190],"guide":[192],"DRL":[194],"network":[195],"in":[196,213,224,236],"selecting":[197],"an":[198],"appropriate":[199],"portfolio":[201],"CEVRP.":[204],"Experimental":[205],"results":[206],"demonstrate":[207],"that":[208],"proposed":[210],"algorithm":[211],"excels":[212],"instances":[214,237],"with":[215,238],"fewer":[216],"than":[217],"100":[218,240],"customers,":[219],"achieving":[220],"best":[222],"values":[223],"7":[225],"out":[226],"8":[228],"test":[229],"instances.":[230],"It":[231],"maintains":[233],"competitive":[234],"performance":[235],"over":[239],"customers":[241],"less":[244],"time":[245],"compared":[246],"population-based":[248],"methods.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}