{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398152810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3400885","title":"Semi-Supervised Contrastive Learning for Time Series Classification in Healthcare","display_name":"Semi-Supervised Contrastive Learning for Time Series Classification in Healthcare","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398152810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3400885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2024.3400885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3400885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100359300","display_name":"Xiaofeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1310-6739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Maritime Intelligent Cyberspace Technology, Hohai University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China","College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Maritime Intelligent Cyberspace Technology, Hohai University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063123643","display_name":"Zhihong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2553-1305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Maritime Intelligent Cyberspace Technology, Hohai University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China","College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Maritime Intelligent Cyberspace Technology, Hohai University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080670840","display_name":"Jie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2977-8559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83519826","display_name":"Nanjing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gcgy73","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83519826"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Theranostics Technology and Instruments, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China","School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Theranostics Technology and Instruments, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83519826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83519826"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368805","display_name":"Xiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5097-2113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100359300"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1681,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76045016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"318","last_page":"331"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9275000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9275000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.5846060514450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.517479658126831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4716495871543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4407976269721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35008347034454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.13762399554252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09546267986297607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5846060514450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.517479658126831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4716495871543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4407976269721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35008347034454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13762399554252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09546267986297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2024.3400885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3400885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1831201353","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62203150","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2886257925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021M701051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4823643176","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053744708","https://openalex.org/W2150979970","https://openalex.org/W2339270675","https://openalex.org/W2342792048","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2759690896","https://openalex.org/W2770265759","https://openalex.org/W2775819279","https://openalex.org/W2795342689","https://openalex.org/W2884337350","https://openalex.org/W2899900073","https://openalex.org/W2902899981","https://openalex.org/W2951934944","https://openalex.org/W2952482786","https://openalex.org/W2970424927","https://openalex.org/W2981004543","https://openalex.org/W2982438846","https://openalex.org/W3007833402","https://openalex.org/W3020496054","https://openalex.org/W3021765248","https://openalex.org/W3033700390","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3109521448","https://openalex.org/W3112330479","https://openalex.org/W3130568431","https://openalex.org/W3149101596","https://openalex.org/W3157653192","https://openalex.org/W3190152617","https://openalex.org/W3199148273","https://openalex.org/W3201190151","https://openalex.org/W3204696009","https://openalex.org/W4205771884","https://openalex.org/W4206984724","https://openalex.org/W4213248681","https://openalex.org/W4220909642","https://openalex.org/W4221049641","https://openalex.org/W4225109328","https://openalex.org/W4293370656","https://openalex.org/W4293683934","https://openalex.org/W4294891241","https://openalex.org/W4311164918","https://openalex.org/W4312458394","https://openalex.org/W4362714504","https://openalex.org/W6605479355","https://openalex.org/W6785972966","https://openalex.org/W6786401209","https://openalex.org/W6790859549","https://openalex.org/W6791237183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Healthcare":[0],"data":[1,46,197,216],"comprises":[2],"a":[3,48,80,205],"diverse":[4],"array":[5],"of":[6,34,39,138,153,165,185,193,201,213],"information,":[7],"such":[8],"as":[9],"physiological":[10],"indicators,":[11],"activity":[12],"behavior,":[13],"sleep":[14],"quality,":[15],"and":[16,32,65,100,105,129,148,170,217],"emotional":[17],"state,":[18],"among":[19],"others.":[20],"These":[21],"features":[22],"provide":[23],"valuable":[24,219],"insights":[25,220],"into":[26],"individuals'":[27],"health":[28],"status,":[29],"behavioral":[30],"patterns,":[31],"quality":[33],"life.":[35],"Nevertheless,":[36],"the":[37,110,117,121,136,139,154,166,174,183,191,199,210,225],"lack":[38],"readily":[40],"identifiable":[41],"labeling":[42],"information":[43,128],"in":[44,91,189,198],"this":[45,75,77,180],"poses":[47],"significant":[49],"challenge":[50],"for":[51,70,87,208,221,227],"learning,":[52],"particularly":[53],"with":[54],"label-limited":[55],"time":[56,88,195],"series":[57,196],"data.":[58],"Traditional":[59],"annotation":[60],"methods":[61],"are":[62,168,177],"prohibitively":[63],"costly":[64],"time-consuming,":[66],"making":[67],"them":[68],"impractical":[69],"large-scale":[71],"applications.":[72],"To":[73],"tackle":[74],"challenge,":[76],"paper":[78],"presents":[79],"novel":[81],"approach":[82,95,155],"called":[83],"semi-supervised":[84,186],"contrastive":[85,187],"learning":[86,111,188],"Series":[89],"classification":[90],"healthcare":[92],"(SSC-TC).":[93],"This":[94],"leverages":[96],"existing":[97],"positive-negative":[98],"pairs":[99],"introduces":[101],"new":[102],"selection":[103],"rules":[104],"loss":[106],"functions":[107],"to":[108,173],"enhance":[109],"process.":[112],"By":[113],"generating":[114],"pseudo-labels":[115],"on":[116,146],"initially":[118],"label-restricted":[119,194],"dataset,":[120],"proposed":[122],"model":[123,167],"extracts":[124],"more":[125],"meaningful":[126],"label":[127],"learns":[130],"richer":[131],"representations.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"results":[134],"demonstrate":[135],"superiority":[137],"SSC-TC":[140],"over":[141],"other":[142],"baseline":[143],"methods,":[144],"both":[145],"balanced":[147],"imbalanced":[149],"datasets.":[150],"The":[151],"effectiveness":[152],"is":[156],"further":[157],"validated":[158],"through":[159],"ablation":[160],"experiments,":[161],"where":[162],"different":[163],"components":[164],"evaluated":[169],"their":[171],"contributions":[172],"overall":[175],"performance":[176],"assessed.":[178],"Overall,":[179],"research":[181],"highlights":[182],"potential":[184],"overcoming":[190],"limitations":[192],"field":[200],"healthcare.":[202],"It":[203],"offers":[204],"promising":[206],"solution":[207],"leveraging":[209],"vast":[211],"amount":[212],"wearable":[214],"device":[215],"extracting":[218],"personalized":[222],"caregiving":[223],"without":[224],"need":[226],"extensive":[228],"manual":[229],"annotation.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}