{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394595144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3379240","title":"Machine Unlearning: Solutions and Challenges","display_name":"Machine Unlearning: Solutions and Challenges","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394595144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3379240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2024.3379240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3379240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/machine-unlearning-solutions-and-challenges","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101704074","display_name":"Jie Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-4157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-4157","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103033765","display_name":"Zihan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-6177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-6177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390514","display_name":"Cong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-315X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-315X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013643572","display_name":"Xiaohua Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8702-8302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohua Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8702-8302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.1737,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99545291,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"2150","last_page":"2168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.5103999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.5103999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3941749930381775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3941749930381775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2024.3379240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3379240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/machine-unlearning-solutions-and-challenges","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/a42fd89d-7289-4be9-b2c7-f132dcdd8a0c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2031/a42fd89d-7289-4be9-b2c7-f132dcdd8a0c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055387","display_name":"CityU Scholars","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Xu, J, Wu, Z, Wang, C & Jia, X 2024, 'Machine Unlearning : Solutions and Challenges', IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 2150-2168. https://doi.org/10.1109/TETCI.2024.3379240","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/machine-unlearning-solutions-and-challenges","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":118,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488996941","https://openalex.org/W1663984431","https://openalex.org/W1686946872","https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W1989898472","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2001610032","https://openalex.org/W2027685064","https://openalex.org/W2058839679","https://openalex.org/W2099419573","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2115629999","https://openalex.org/W2153959628","https://openalex.org/W2155806188","https://openalex.org/W2168190036","https://openalex.org/W2272113230","https://openalex.org/W2570915410","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2744999500","https://openalex.org/W2805779034","https://openalex.org/W2911978475","https://openalex.org/W2950943617","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2984055845","https://openalex.org/W3006921589","https://openalex.org/W3012113073","https://openalex.org/W3023153742","https://openalex.org/W3029511006","https://openalex.org/W3034885317","https://openalex.org/W3035644192","https://openalex.org/W3086499488","https://openalex.org/W3095155273","https://openalex.org/W3097300053","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3125912651","https://openalex.org/W3132089541","https://openalex.org/W3154155772","https://openalex.org/W3154581591","https://openalex.org/W3175430527","https://openalex.org/W3176739818","https://openalex.org/W3179862281","https://openalex.org/W3187088106","https://openalex.org/W3188298126","https://openalex.org/W3195232018","https://openalex.org/W3202838631","https://openalex.org/W3209576002","https://openalex.org/W3211490561","https://openalex.org/W3213758632","https://openalex.org/W4220795335","https://openalex.org/W4221158899","https://openalex.org/W4224325687","https://openalex.org/W4225750584","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4244201901","https://openalex.org/W4283208007","https://openalex.org/W4283796010","https://openalex.org/W4286256876","https://openalex.org/W4294789994","https://openalex.org/W4295108597","https://openalex.org/W4296562799","https://openalex.org/W4306808566","https://openalex.org/W4312595359","https://openalex.org/W4312874698","https://openalex.org/W4362706499","https://openalex.org/W4362714589","https://openalex.org/W4367046768","https://openalex.org/W4367046930","https://openalex.org/W4379652910","https://openalex.org/W4384948739","https://openalex.org/W4386065838","https://openalex.org/W4386075674","https://openalex.org/W4386260553","https://openalex.org/W4391326578","https://openalex.org/W4392506975","https://openalex.org/W4393252682","https://openalex.org/W4402843978","https://openalex.org/W6637108112","https://openalex.org/W6676935882","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6677855611","https://openalex.org/W6686207219","https://openalex.org/W6721263324","https://openalex.org/W6727099177","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6734862562","https://openalex.org/W6735632633","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6739088070","https://openalex.org/W6742188047","https://openalex.org/W6746313456","https://openalex.org/W6747837551","https://openalex.org/W6763736615","https://openalex.org/W6765443569","https://openalex.org/W6769833289","https://openalex.org/W6779605666","https://openalex.org/W6779987556","https://openalex.org/W6780547051","https://openalex.org/W6784265177","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6790532531","https://openalex.org/W6791907524","https://openalex.org/W6793958797","https://openalex.org/W6796843635","https://openalex.org/W6797062389","https://openalex.org/W6800841616","https://openalex.org/W6802936884","https://openalex.org/W6810178482","https://openalex.org/W6838224540","https://openalex.org/W6839352123","https://openalex.org/W6839645220","https://openalex.org/W6841173982","https://openalex.org/W6842423523","https://openalex.org/W6842523198","https://openalex.org/W6842738431","https://openalex.org/W6846762878","https://openalex.org/W6850348684","https://openalex.org/W6851934252"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,113],"models":[2],"may":[3],"inadvertently":[4],"memorize":[5],"sensitive,":[6],"unauthorized,":[7],"or":[8],"malicious":[9],"data,":[10],"posing":[11],"risks":[12],"of":[13,52,122],"privacy":[14],"breaches,":[15],"security":[16],"vulnerabilities,":[17],"and":[18,50,71,86,90,101,110],"performance":[19],"degradation.":[20],"To":[21],"address":[22,129],"these":[23],"issues,":[24],"machine":[25,56,99,112],"unlearning":[26,64,73,100],"has":[27],"emerged":[28],"as":[29,104],"a":[30,47,120],"critical":[31],"technique":[32],"to":[33,97,128],"selectively":[34],"remove":[35,67],"specific":[36],"training":[37],"data":[38,68,78,134],"points'":[39],"influence":[40,69],"on":[41],"trained":[42],"models.":[43,114],"This":[44,115],"paper":[45,116],"provides":[46,117],"comprehensive":[48],"taxonomy":[49],"analysis":[51],"the":[53],"solutions":[54,61],"in":[55],"unlearning.":[57],"We":[58],"categorize":[59],"existing":[60],"into":[62],"exact":[63],"approaches":[65,74],"that":[66,75],"thoroughly":[70],"approximate":[72],"efficiently":[76],"minimize":[77],"influence.":[79],"By":[80],"comprehensively":[81],"reviewing":[82],"solutions,":[83],"we":[84,93],"identify":[85],"discuss":[87],"their":[88],"strengths":[89],"limitations.":[91],"Furthermore,":[92],"propose":[94],"future":[95],"directions":[96],"advance":[98],"establish":[102],"it":[103],"an":[105],"essential":[106],"capability":[107],"for":[108,132],"trustworthy":[109],"adaptive":[111],"researchers":[118],"with":[119],"roadmap":[121],"open":[123],"problems,":[124],"encouraging":[125],"impactful":[126],"contributions":[127],"real-world":[130],"needs":[131],"selective":[133],"removal.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T07:44:22.658603","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
