{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392405555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3367812","title":"Exploiting Type I Adversarial Examples to Hide Data Information: A New Privacy-Preserving Approach","display_name":"Exploiting Type I Adversarial Examples to Hide Data Information: A New Privacy-Preserving Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392405555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3367812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2024.3367812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3367812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102814071","display_name":"Song Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7169-6370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace and the National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7169-6370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace and the National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059937652","display_name":"X. F. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0922-4719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120825670","display_name":"Yunnan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00sc9n023","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120825670"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0922-4719","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120825670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086376919","display_name":"Bingbing Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-6546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingbing Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace and the National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-6546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace and the National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028872220","display_name":"Renyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-1257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace and the National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-1257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace and the National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000436275","display_name":"Shaowen Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1516-4246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaowen Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace and the National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1516-4246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace and the National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051349066","display_name":"Wei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-9436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace and the National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-9436","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace and the National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005228053","display_name":"Shui Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4485-6743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shui Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4485-6743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2778,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57042029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"2518","last_page":"2528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7250193357467651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6315242052078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5633533000946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.5338534116744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4257677495479584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.41252994537353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3735617995262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23296698927879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.07344445586204529}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7250193357467651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6315242052078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5633533000946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5338534116744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4257677495479584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.41252994537353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3735617995262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23296698927879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.07344445586204529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2024.3367812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3367812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2408903403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101480","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2703468498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62162067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133884053","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2774018344","https://openalex.org/W2774644650","https://openalex.org/W2793398195","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2924179447","https://openalex.org/W2949140995","https://openalex.org/W2962872506","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2969285549","https://openalex.org/W2969373235","https://openalex.org/W2991356826","https://openalex.org/W3082991148","https://openalex.org/W3132003984","https://openalex.org/W3185020394","https://openalex.org/W3197875103","https://openalex.org/W4220951298","https://openalex.org/W4285287329","https://openalex.org/W4294982458","https://openalex.org/W4296700956","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4318823998","https://openalex.org/W4386066653","https://openalex.org/W4386072305","https://openalex.org/W4390872540","https://openalex.org/W4390872822","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6718865826","https://openalex.org/W6729482032","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6745847742","https://openalex.org/W6748685645","https://openalex.org/W6749255846","https://openalex.org/W6767757807","https://openalex.org/W6771113809","https://openalex.org/W6779669310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2584827882","https://openalex.org/W2538581760","https://openalex.org/W3195097297","https://openalex.org/W4225340788","https://openalex.org/W3038106605","https://openalex.org/W2513267613","https://openalex.org/W3049084372","https://openalex.org/W2528109871","https://openalex.org/W2940702331","https://openalex.org/W2905822832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"(DNNs)":[3],"are":[4,10,86,193],"sensitive":[5],"to":[6,60,68,71,106,123,133,148],"adversarial":[7,39,64,104,131],"examples":[8,15,65,105],"which":[9,92],"generated":[11],"by":[12],"corrupting":[13],"benign":[14],"with":[16,200],"imperceptible":[17],"perturbations,":[18],"or":[19],"have":[20],"significant":[21],"changes":[22],"but":[23],"can":[24,172,188],"still":[25],"achieve":[26,179],"original":[27,135,184,198],"prediction":[28],"results.":[29],"The":[30],"latter":[31],"case":[32],"is":[33,111],"termed":[34,56],"as":[35,76,182],"the":[36,47,72,83,118,129,183,197],"Type":[37,62,102],"I":[38,63,103],"example":[40],"which,":[41],"however,":[42],"has":[43],"limited":[44],"attention":[45],"in":[46],"literature.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52],"introduce":[53],"two":[54],"methods,":[55],"HRG":[57,116,171],"and":[58,66,97,126,145,159,167,178,186],"GAG,":[59],"generate":[61,189],"attempt":[67],"apply":[69],"them":[70],"privacy-preserving":[73,84],"Machine":[74],"Learning":[75],"a":[77,112,201],"Service":[78],"(MLaaS).":[79],"Existing":[80],"methods":[81],"for":[82],"MLaaS":[85],"mostly":[87],"based":[88],"on":[89,151,164],"cryptographic":[90],"techniques,":[91],"often":[93],"incur":[94],"additional":[95,157],"communication":[96,158],"computation":[98,160],"overhead,":[99],"while":[100],"using":[101],"hide":[107,174],"users'":[108],"privacy":[109],"data":[110],"brand-new":[113],"exploration.":[114],"Specifically,":[115],"utilizes":[117],"high-level":[119],"representations":[120],"of":[121,204],"DNNs":[122,147],"guide":[124],"generators,":[125],"GAG":[127,187],"leverages":[128],"generative":[130],"network":[132],"transform":[134],"images.":[136],"Our":[137],"solution":[138],"does":[139],"not":[140],"involve":[141],"any":[142],"model":[143],"modifications":[144],"allows":[146],"run":[149],"directly":[150],"transformed":[152],"data,":[153],"thus":[154],"arousing":[155],"no":[156],"overhead.":[161],"Extensive":[162],"experiments":[163],"MNIST,":[165],"CIFAR-10,":[166],"ImageNet":[168],"show":[169],"that":[170,192],"perfectly":[173],"images":[175,191,199],"into":[176],"noise":[177],"similar":[180],"accuracy":[181],"accuracy,":[185],"natural":[190],"completely":[194],"different":[195],"from":[196],"small":[202],"loss":[203],"accuracy.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}