{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391878186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3360322","title":"Autopilot Controller of Fixed-Wing Planes Based on Curriculum Reinforcement Learning Scheduled by Adaptive Learning Curve","display_name":"Autopilot Controller of Fixed-Wing Planes Based on Curriculum Reinforcement Learning Scheduled by Adaptive Learning Curve","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391878186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3360322"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2024.3360322","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3360322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017627423","display_name":"Lun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-4248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-4248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025392915","display_name":"Xuebo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-6539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuebo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-6539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008279120","display_name":"Chenxu Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2675-7434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxu Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2675-7434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101639678","display_name":"Runhua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-1219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runhua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-1219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084263271","display_name":"Minghui Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6212-6609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghui Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6212-6609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0696,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9603726,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"2182","last_page":"2196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.9415000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.9415000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autopilot","display_name":"Autopilot","score":0.8787057995796204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-wing","display_name":"Fixed wing","score":0.6221311688423157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5809007883071899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5626857876777649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.494643896818161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.47838345170021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wing","display_name":"Wing","score":0.4165616035461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.34157758951187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2775728106498718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27337467670440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.11635369062423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.0961313247680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.054664671421051025}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18020424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220858","display_name":"Autopilot","level":2,"score":0.8787057995796204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018522811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2875704","display_name":"Fixed wing","level":3,"score":0.6221311688423157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5809007883071899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5626857876777649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.494643896818161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.47838345170021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97257150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161358","display_name":"Wing","level":2,"score":0.4165616035461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.34157758951187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2775728106498718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27337467670440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.11635369062423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0961313247680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.054664671421051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2024.3360322","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2024.3360322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G405872415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22JCZDJC00810","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7482387826","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62293510/62293513","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9932698","https://openalex.org/W654568086","https://openalex.org/W1949804828","https://openalex.org/W1997382717","https://openalex.org/W2012066922","https://openalex.org/W2020355287","https://openalex.org/W2060645918","https://openalex.org/W2098148222","https://openalex.org/W2127672764","https://openalex.org/W2484340655","https://openalex.org/W2530520848","https://openalex.org/W2763110165","https://openalex.org/W2769052358","https://openalex.org/W2779675674","https://openalex.org/W2790412092","https://openalex.org/W2807093809","https://openalex.org/W2922620962","https://openalex.org/W2955170523","https://openalex.org/W2962752580","https://openalex.org/W2968312042","https://openalex.org/W2968917487","https://openalex.org/W2972758308","https://openalex.org/W2991110944","https://openalex.org/W2997165841","https://openalex.org/W3012544020","https://openalex.org/W3101479266","https://openalex.org/W3101941357","https://openalex.org/W3112673853","https://openalex.org/W3120283405","https://openalex.org/W3142849873","https://openalex.org/W3143173331","https://openalex.org/W3156330606","https://openalex.org/W3170533301","https://openalex.org/W3216115326","https://openalex.org/W4213418241","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4221061208","https://openalex.org/W4280581922","https://openalex.org/W4285172563","https://openalex.org/W4301909677","https://openalex.org/W4312096247","https://openalex.org/W4312309366","https://openalex.org/W4318615508","https://openalex.org/W4375929017","https://openalex.org/W6603899380","https://openalex.org/W6621805602","https://openalex.org/W6630125228","https://openalex.org/W6704571135","https://openalex.org/W6741302124","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6760181788","https://openalex.org/W6775683342","https://openalex.org/W6787019836","https://openalex.org/W6998855537","https://openalex.org/W7061544221"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2528333064","https://openalex.org/W2357122534","https://openalex.org/W2159456118","https://openalex.org/W2810600210","https://openalex.org/W4389544757","https://openalex.org/W2898251840","https://openalex.org/W4382050713","https://openalex.org/W4210812503","https://openalex.org/W3120608804","https://openalex.org/W1538637279"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,39,85,168],"this":[1,40],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,15,20,42,118,164],"novel":[6],"curriculum":[7],"reinforcement":[8],"learning":[9,44,68],"method":[10,134],"that":[11,131],"can":[12,70,107,135],"automatically":[13],"generate":[14,50],"high-performance":[16],"autopilot":[17,93],"controller":[18],"for":[19,62],"6-degree-of-freedom":[21],"(6-DOF)":[22],"aircraft":[23],"with":[24,117,158],"an":[25,99],"unknown":[26],"dynamic":[27],"model,":[28],"which":[29],"is":[30,46,95],"difficult":[31],"to":[32,49,60,74,76,121,185,189],"be":[33,71],"handled":[34],"using":[35],"traditional":[36,160],"control":[37,105,162],"methods.":[38],"method,":[41],"sigmoid-like":[43],"curve":[45,69],"elegantly":[47],"introduced":[48],"goals":[51,91],"(the":[52],"desired":[53],"heading,":[54],"altitude,":[55],"and":[56,143,155,163,181],"velocity)":[57],"from":[58,115],"easy":[59],"hard":[61],"autopilot.":[63],"The":[64],"shape":[65],"of":[66,80,127,145,173],"the":[67,77,87,104,113,123,132,140,159,169,171,174,177],"intelligently":[72],"adjusted":[73],"adapt":[75],"training":[78,94,146],"process":[79],"Proximal":[81],"Policy":[82],"Optimization":[83],"(PPO).":[84],"addition,":[86],"conflict":[88],"between":[89],"multiple":[90,190],"in":[92,152],"solved":[96],"by":[97,111],"designing":[98],"adaptive":[100],"reward":[101],"function.":[102],"Furthermore,":[103],"inputs":[106],"avoid":[108],"large":[109],"oscillations":[110],"filtering":[112],"outputs":[114],"PPO":[116],"first-order":[119],"filter":[120],"ensure":[122],"smoothness.":[124],"A":[125],"series":[126],"simulation":[128],"results":[129],"show":[130],"proposed":[133],"not":[136],"only":[137],"observably":[138],"improve":[139],"success":[141],"rate":[142],"stability":[144],"but":[147],"also":[148],"has":[149],"superior":[150],"performance":[151],"settling":[153],"time":[154],"robustness":[156],"compared":[157],"PID":[161],"state-of-the-art":[165],"(SOTA)":[166],"method.":[167],"end,":[170],"applications":[172],"controller,":[175],"including":[176],"navigation":[178],"task,":[179],"pursuit-evasion,":[180],"dogfighting,":[182],"are":[183],"demonstrated":[184],"prove":[186],"its":[187],"feasibility":[188],"tasks.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}