{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2953409933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2019.2923001","title":"Training Deep Photonic Convolutional Neural Networks With Sinusoidal Activations","display_name":"Training Deep Photonic Convolutional Neural Networks With Sinusoidal Activations","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2953409933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2019.2923001","mag":"2953409933"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2019.2923001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2019.2923001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061050264","display_name":"Nikolaos Passalis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1177-9139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["FI","GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Passalis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Information Analysis Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1177-9139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Information Analysis Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067089800","display_name":"George Mourgias-Alexandris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9646-3119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Mourgias-Alexandris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photonic Systems and Networks Research Group, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9646-3119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photonic Systems and Networks Research Group, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046733238","display_name":"Apostolos Tsakyridis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1498-4904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apostolos Tsakyridis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photonic Systems and Networks Research Group, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1498-4904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photonic Systems and Networks Research Group, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063280455","display_name":"Nikos Pleros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2931-4540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikos Pleros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photonic Systems and Networks Research Group, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2931-4540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photonic Systems and Networks Research Group, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041054091","display_name":"Anastasios Tefas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1288-3667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasios Tefas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Information Analysis Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1288-3667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Information Analysis Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2474,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93658469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"384","last_page":"393"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7592759132385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.7220277190208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.6516984701156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.596589207649231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.594630777835846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.581985354423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5579071640968323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5477163791656494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48101741075515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4756985604763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.441118061542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.43414872884750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4179636240005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4024980664253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3251054584980011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08919164538383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.08817818760871887}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7592759132385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.7220277190208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.6516984701156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.596589207649231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.594630777835846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.581985354423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5579071640968323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5477163791656494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48101741075515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4756985604763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.441118061542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.43414872884750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4179636240005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4024980664253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3251054584980011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08919164538383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.08817818760871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetci.2019.2923001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetci.2019.2923001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210210251","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","issn_l":"2471-285X","issn":["2471-285X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1542981317","https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1680761968","https://openalex.org/W2004915807","https://openalex.org/W2016922062","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2029939668","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2133401839","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2156387975","https://openalex.org/W2156640153","https://openalex.org/W2183631084","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2515260639","https://openalex.org/W2549653513","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2739588406","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2752849906","https://openalex.org/W2769433089","https://openalex.org/W2793374896","https://openalex.org/W2798701005","https://openalex.org/W2821976686","https://openalex.org/W2892528723","https://openalex.org/W2893632430","https://openalex.org/W2894293853","https://openalex.org/W2894627692","https://openalex.org/W2895242402","https://openalex.org/W2896419919","https://openalex.org/W2900709571","https://openalex.org/W2901513316","https://openalex.org/W2901662850","https://openalex.org/W2911984880","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2923894441","https://openalex.org/W2937629860","https://openalex.org/W2950227921","https://openalex.org/W2963588827","https://openalex.org/W2963674932","https://openalex.org/W2963887857","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W3105008899","https://openalex.org/W3106392217","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3125622622","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6686394896","https://openalex.org/W6729407136","https://openalex.org/W6737381427","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2986579802","https://openalex.org/W3108691306","https://openalex.org/W4389237622","https://openalex.org/W2166309310","https://openalex.org/W4385753159","https://openalex.org/W4387251107","https://openalex.org/W4214914769","https://openalex.org/W4200152843","https://openalex.org/W3033201189","https://openalex.org/W4390492955"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"(DL)":[2],"has":[3],"achieved":[4],"state-of-the-art":[5],"performance":[6],"in":[7],"many":[8],"challenging":[9],"problems.":[10],"However,":[11,67],"DL":[12,87,151],"requires":[13],"powerful":[14],"hardware":[15,38,45,120],"for":[16,134,161],"both":[17],"training":[18,86,110,136],"and":[19,24,27,56,94,153],"deployment,":[20],"increasing":[21],"the":[22,52,60,68,107,128,143,147,164],"cost":[23],"energy":[25],"requirements":[26],"rendering":[28],"large-scale":[29],"applications":[30],"especially":[31],"difficult.":[32],"Recognizing":[33],"these":[34,72,137],"difficulties,":[35],"several":[36],"neuromorphic":[37,74],"solutions":[39],"have":[40],"been":[41],"proposed,":[42],"including":[43],"photonic":[44,65,119],"that":[46,80,114,121,132],"can":[47,57,115],"process":[48],"information":[49],"close":[50],"to":[51],"speed":[53],"of":[54,70,99,109,130,146,156],"light":[55],"benefit":[58],"from":[59],"enormous":[61],"bandwidth":[62],"available":[63],"on":[64,106,118],"systems.":[66],"effect":[69],"using":[71],"photonic-based":[73],"architectures,":[75],"which":[76],"impose":[77],"additional":[78],"constraints":[79],"are":[81],"not":[82,90],"usually":[83],"considered":[84],"when":[85],"models,":[88],"is":[89,102],"yet":[91],"fully":[92],"understood":[93],"studied.":[95],"The":[96],"main":[97],"contribution":[98],"this":[100],"paper":[101],"an":[103],"extensive":[104],"study":[105],"feasibility":[108],"deep":[111],"neural":[112],"networks":[113],"be":[116],"deployed":[117],"employ":[122],"sinusoidal":[123],"activation":[124],"elements,":[125],"along":[126],"with":[127],"development":[129],"methods":[131],"allow":[133],"successfully":[135],"networks,":[138],"while":[139],"taking":[140],"into":[141],"account":[142],"physical":[144],"limitations":[145],"employed":[148],"hardware.":[149],"Different":[150],"architectures":[152],"four":[154],"datasets":[155],"varying":[157],"complexity":[158],"were":[159],"used":[160],"extensively":[162],"evaluating":[163],"proposed":[165],"method.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
