{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408935433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2025.3552941","title":"Two Low-Cost and Security-Enhanced Implementations Against Side-Channel Attacks of NTT for Lattice-Based Cryptography","display_name":"Two Low-Cost and Security-Enhanced Implementations Against Side-Channel Attacks of NTT for Lattice-Based Cryptography","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408935433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2025.3552941"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2025.3552941","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2025.3552941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011952918","display_name":"Yijun Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6262-2329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6262-2329","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048460729","display_name":"Jiatong Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiatong Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080115159","display_name":"Chuanchao Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanchao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025738875","display_name":"Yang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8200-1546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan","Department of Informatics, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073590716","display_name":"Ziying Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8300-8865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziying Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8300-8865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055800000","display_name":"Chenghua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-0548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenghua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Weiqiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-8648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-8648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.249,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88615083,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"977","last_page":"989"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7973699569702148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.7398481369018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.7197123169898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.664559006690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-based-cryptography","display_name":"Lattice-based cryptography","score":0.6311028599739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.46069571375846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.45797961950302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.1059161126613617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7973699569702148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.7398481369018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.7197123169898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.664559006690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137660015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497083","display_name":"Lattice-based cryptography","level":5,"score":0.6311028599739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.46069571375846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45797961950302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.1059161126613617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2025.3552941","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2025.3552941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4070429046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62022041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4275816715","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20210287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4939182392","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62104107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7118155122","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62134002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7274142727","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62425404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7928980550","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62474092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159145550","https://openalex.org/W191000419","https://openalex.org/W1515200869","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W1985439922","https://openalex.org/W2061949491","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2140823840","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2298330307","https://openalex.org/W2467320551","https://openalex.org/W2621205330","https://openalex.org/W2765582111","https://openalex.org/W2798882964","https://openalex.org/W2807422419","https://openalex.org/W2808296455","https://openalex.org/W2889344598","https://openalex.org/W3015791201","https://openalex.org/W3159164431","https://openalex.org/W3183184671","https://openalex.org/W3210051033","https://openalex.org/W3210769154","https://openalex.org/W4206155091","https://openalex.org/W4210722209","https://openalex.org/W4226075590","https://openalex.org/W4240560709","https://openalex.org/W4285240185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W182679101","https://openalex.org/W3006344745","https://openalex.org/W2103519941","https://openalex.org/W4388857716","https://openalex.org/W3180573957","https://openalex.org/W2162805750","https://openalex.org/W2315723423","https://openalex.org/W1489923862","https://openalex.org/W2043669269","https://openalex.org/W2188587181"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lattice-based":[0],"cryptography":[1],"is":[2,114],"considered":[3],"secure":[4],"against":[5],"quantum":[6],"computing":[7],"attacks.":[8],"However,":[9],"naive":[10],"implementations":[11],"on":[12],"embedded":[13],"devices":[14],"are":[15],"vulnerable":[16],"to":[17,63,107,117,126,140,151],"side-channel":[18,169],"attacks":[19],"(SCAs)":[20],"with":[21,153],"full":[22],"key":[23,67],"recovery":[24],"possible":[25],"through":[26],"power":[27],"and":[28,39,72,158,164,184],"electromagnetic":[29],"leakage":[30,149],"analysis.":[31],"This":[32,132],"article":[33],"presents":[34],"two":[35],"protection":[36],"schemes,":[37],"masking":[38,56,91,163],"shuffling,":[40],"for":[41],"the":[42,65,69,74,86,90,95,99,119,127,148,172],"baseline":[43],"Radix-2":[44],"multi-path":[45],"delay":[46],"commutator":[47],"(R2MDC)":[48],"number":[49,62],"theoretic":[50],"transform":[51,79,112],"(NTT)":[52],"architecture.":[53],"The":[54,161],"proposed":[55,116,162],"NTT":[57,81,103,134],"scheme":[58,104,135],"introduces":[59],"a":[60,179],"random":[61],"protect":[64],"secret":[66],"during":[68],"decryption":[70],"phase":[71],"leverages":[73],"linear":[75],"property":[76],"of":[77,101,122,130,174],"arithmetic":[78],"in":[80],"polynomial":[82],"multiplication.":[83],"By":[84],"adjusting":[85],"comparing":[87],"decoding":[88],"threshold,":[89],"method":[92],"greatly":[93],"reduces":[94],"ratio":[96,150],"of$t$-$test$value":[97],"exceeding":[98],"threshold":[100],"unprotected":[102],"from":[105],"77.38%":[106],"3.91%.":[108],"An":[109],"ingenious":[110],"shuffling":[111,133,165],"process":[113],"also":[115],"disturb":[118],"calculation":[120],"sequence":[121],"butterfly":[123],"transformation,":[124],"adapting":[125],"high-throughput":[128],"architecture":[129,176],"R2MDC-NTT.":[131],"does":[136],"not":[137],"require":[138],"operations":[139],"remove":[141],"shuffle":[142],"or":[143],"additional":[144,185],"operation":[145],"cycles,":[146],"reducing":[147],"13.49%":[152],"minimal":[154],"extra":[155],"hardware":[156,175,186],"resources":[157],"wide":[159],"applicability.":[160],"techniques":[166],"effectively":[167],"suppress":[168],"leakage,":[170],"improving":[171],"security":[173],"while":[177],"maintaining":[178],"balance":[180],"between":[181],"overall":[182],"performance":[183],"resources.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}