{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406610261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2025.3528972","title":"Software-Defined Number Formats for High-Speed Belief Propagation","display_name":"Software-Defined Number Formats for High-Speed Belief Propagation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406610261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2025.3528972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2025.3528972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2025.3528972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2025.3528972","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056136163","display_name":"Amir Sabbagh Molahosseini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-9401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Sabbagh Molahosseini","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-9401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078925783","display_name":"Junkyu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-5116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JunKyu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Analytics and Data Science, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-5116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Analytics and Data Science, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086758775","display_name":"Hans Vandierendonck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5868-9259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans Vandierendonck","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5868-9259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.571,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82320337,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"853","last_page":"865"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8295499086380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5179909467697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3614109754562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3433445394039154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.21013721823692322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8295499086380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5179909467697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3614109754562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3433445394039154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.21013721823692322}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2025.3528972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2025.3528972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:14946659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2025.3528972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, (2025-01-20)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/da621ca3-b860-4be8-a916-392a3268622a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/da621ca3-b860-4be8-a916-392a3268622a","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/626882063/BP_Float_Copy_Final_Submit_1_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sabbagh Molahosseini, A, Lee, J & Vandierendonck, H 2025, 'Software-defined number formats for high-speed belief propagation', IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 853 - 865. https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2025.3528972","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:14946659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2025.3528972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, (2025-01-20)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G125269995","display_name":"Software-Defined Number Formats: Bridging the Gap between Performance, Accuracy, and Security","funder_award_id":"101031148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320357","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321832","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605824955","https://openalex.org/W1470223494","https://openalex.org/W1511986666","https://openalex.org/W2002555321","https://openalex.org/W2020804487","https://openalex.org/W2072574390","https://openalex.org/W2110455446","https://openalex.org/W2147010257","https://openalex.org/W2157321773","https://openalex.org/W2164566630","https://openalex.org/W2165232124","https://openalex.org/W2169004268","https://openalex.org/W2496459925","https://openalex.org/W2523408681","https://openalex.org/W2626303320","https://openalex.org/W2741858421","https://openalex.org/W2959531572","https://openalex.org/W2982144630","https://openalex.org/W2991069726","https://openalex.org/W3012320115","https://openalex.org/W3034663399","https://openalex.org/W3047333257","https://openalex.org/W3055085413","https://openalex.org/W3091442961","https://openalex.org/W3111254794","https://openalex.org/W3112008082","https://openalex.org/W3115793066","https://openalex.org/W3117562018","https://openalex.org/W3119934084","https://openalex.org/W4210830821","https://openalex.org/W4226086597","https://openalex.org/W4283032681","https://openalex.org/W4297812452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,64],"article":[1,65],"presents":[2],"the":[3,17,29,33,41,78,85,102,139,170,179,190],"design":[4,86],"and":[5,35,47,90,141,186,192,197,201,203],"implementation":[6,15,100],"of":[7,16,32,40,77,87,101,195],"Software-Defined":[8],"Floating-Point":[9],"(SDF)":[10],"number":[11],"formats":[12,23,69,105,144],"for":[13,57,70],"high-speed":[14],"Belief":[18],"Propagation":[19],"(BP)":[20],"algorithm.":[21],"SDF":[22,68,104,143],"are":[24,36],"designed":[25],"specifically":[26],"to":[27,84,111,135,153,215],"meet":[28],"numeric":[30],"needs":[31],"computation":[34],"more":[37],"compact":[38],"representations":[39],"data.":[42],"They":[43],"reduce":[44],"memory":[45,48],"footprint":[46],"bandwidth":[49],"requirements":[50],"without":[51],"sacrificing":[52],"accuracy,":[53],"given":[54],"that":[55],"BP":[56,72],"loopy":[58],"graphs":[59],"inherently":[60],"involves":[61],"algorithmic":[62],"errors.":[63],"designs":[66],"several":[67],"sum-product":[71],"applications":[73],"by":[74,207],"careful":[75],"analysis":[76,82],"computation.":[79],"Our":[80,116],"theoretical":[81],"leads":[83],"16-bit":[88],"(half-precision)":[89],"8-bit":[91,142],"(mini-precision)":[92],"widths.":[93],"We":[94],"moreover":[95],"present":[96],"highly":[97],"efficient":[98],"software":[99],"proposed":[103,180],"which":[106],"is":[107],"centered":[108],"around":[109],"conversion":[110,120,148],"hardware-supported":[112],"single-precision":[113],"arithmetic":[114],"hardware.":[115],"solution":[117],"demonstrates":[118],"negligible":[119],"overhead":[121],"on":[122,161,163],"commercially":[123],"available":[124],"CPUs.":[125],"For":[126,177],"Ising":[127],"grids":[128],"with":[129,146,158,183],"sizes":[130],"from":[131,211],"100":[132,134,212,214],"\u00d7":[133,137,213,217],"500":[136,216],"500,":[138],"16-":[140],"along":[145],"our":[147],"module":[149],"produce":[150],"equivalent":[151],"accuracy":[152],"double-precision":[154],"floating-point":[155],"format":[156,182],"but":[157],"2.86\u00d7":[159],"speedups":[160,194],"average":[162],"an":[164],"Intel":[165],"Xeon":[166],"processor.":[167],"Particularly,":[168],"increasing":[169,208],"grid":[171,209],"size":[172,210],"results":[173],"in":[174],"higher":[175],"speed-up.":[176],"example,":[178],"half-precision":[181],"3-bit":[184],"exponent":[185],"13-bit":[187],"mantissa":[188],"achieved":[189],"minimum":[191],"maximum":[193],"1.30\u00d7":[196],"1.39\u00d7":[198],"over":[199,205],"single-precision,":[200],"2.55\u00d7":[202],"3.40\u00d7":[204],"double-precision,":[206],"500.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-01-21T00:00:00"}