{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4368232802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2023.3271315","title":"A Large Scale Characterization of Device Uptimes","display_name":"A Large Scale Characterization of Device Uptimes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4368232802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2023.3271315"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2023.3271315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2023.3271315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085633170","display_name":"Mateus Nogueira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-8987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mateus Nogueira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-8987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101661125","display_name":"Erica da Cunha Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1323-6752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erica da Cunha Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1323-6752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097221939","display_name":"Pedro Tubenchlak Boechat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-0755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Tubenchlak Boechat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-0755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040676591","display_name":"Felipe Assis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0113-6239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felipe Assis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0113-6239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018262266","display_name":"Estev\u00e3o Rabello","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Estev\u00e3o Rabello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7966-7723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004727569","display_name":"Rafael Teixeira do Nascimento","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3845-9157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Nascimento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3845-9157","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034604991","display_name":"Daniel Sadoc Menasch\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8953-4003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Sadoc Menasch\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8953-4003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074689274","display_name":"Geraldo Xex\u00e9o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-9076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geraldo Xex\u00e9o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-9076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005248833","display_name":"Abhishek Ramchandran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9228-1702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Ramchandran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens Technology, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9228-1702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens Technology, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048602679","display_name":"Katinka Wolter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8630-0869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katinka Wolter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut für Informatik, Freie Universitat, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8630-0869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut für Informatik, Freie Universitat, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5543,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6127894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"553","last_page":"565"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7514371275901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.6442871689796448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4620717167854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3736746907234192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1931881308555603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7514371275901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.6442871689796448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4620717167854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3736746907234192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1931881308555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2023.3271315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2023.3271315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4136432296","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"E-26/211.144/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322749","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4750668305","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"315110/2020-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322749","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7960130208","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"E-26/201.376/2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322749","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322749","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk0s825"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1676851535","https://openalex.org/W2035602304","https://openalex.org/W2099662505","https://openalex.org/W2109192777","https://openalex.org/W2118516911","https://openalex.org/W2121483787","https://openalex.org/W2312784726","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W3006233449","https://openalex.org/W3022340314","https://openalex.org/W3029114445","https://openalex.org/W3047945431","https://openalex.org/W3141872514","https://openalex.org/W3170120038","https://openalex.org/W3174009088","https://openalex.org/W3185064794","https://openalex.org/W3198297486","https://openalex.org/W4229441196","https://openalex.org/W4237110571","https://openalex.org/W4248575338","https://openalex.org/W4283209002","https://openalex.org/W4288614128","https://openalex.org/W6678010980","https://openalex.org/W6796919970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655","https://openalex.org/W2359140296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Devices":[0],"ages,":[1],"also":[2,153],"referred":[3],"to":[4,40,64,106,130,149,209],"as":[5,176],"uptimes,":[6,72,163,179],"convey":[7],"information":[8],"about":[9],"systems,":[10],"and":[11,16,80,109,146,164,178,216,227],"are":[12,104,139,157],"instrumental":[13],"for":[14,25,99],"patching":[15],"rejuvenation":[17],"purposes.":[18],"Knowing":[19],"that":[20,30,37,87,95,114,155,165,190,205,217],"a":[21,26,66,77,132,168,213],"device":[22,71],"is":[23,63,120,167,191,207],"up":[24,98],"long":[27],"time":[28],"suggests":[29,204],"it":[31,206],"may":[32,42],"be":[33,43,107],"at":[34],"risk":[35],"or":[36],"degradation":[38],"due":[39],"bugs":[41],"in":[44,88,197],"place.":[45],"Nonetheless,":[46],"there":[47,166],"has":[48],"been":[49],"no":[50],"systematic":[51],"study":[52],"of":[53,60,70,76,111,117,135,225],"devices":[54,96,136,159,172,182],"uptimes":[55,138,211],"so":[56],"far.":[57],"The":[58],"goal":[59],"this":[61],"paper":[62],"provide":[65],"large":[67],"scale":[68],"characterization":[69,219],"from":[73,212],"the":[74,89,158,161,194,223],"perspectives":[75],"Reddit":[78,90],"forum":[79,91],"Shodan.":[81],"Among":[82],"our":[83,198,202],"findings,":[84],"we":[85,127],"identified":[86],"users":[92,112],"typically":[93],"assume":[94,113],"lingering":[97],"more":[100],"than":[101,141],"2":[102],"years":[103],"assumed":[105],"long-lasting,":[108],"25%":[110],"an":[115,184],"uptime":[116,186,196],"200":[118],"days":[119],"considered":[121],"large.":[122],"In":[123,200],"addition,":[124],"using":[125],"Shodan":[126,175],"were":[128],"able":[129],"identify":[131],"significant":[133],"fraction":[134],"whose":[137],"larger":[140],"such":[142,218],"threshold,":[143],"posing":[144],"security":[145],"performance":[147],"risks":[148],"its":[150],"users.":[151],"We":[152],"found":[154],"routers":[156],"with":[160,180],"largest":[162],"positive":[169],"correlation":[170],"between":[171],"tagged":[173],"by":[174],"compromised":[177],"those":[181],"having":[183],"average":[185,195],"beyond":[187],"250":[188],"days,":[189],"roughly":[192],"twice":[193],"dataset.":[199],"summary,":[201],"work":[203],"viable":[208],"characterize":[210],"system-wide":[214],"viewpoint,":[215],"sheds":[220],"insight":[221],"on":[222],"lifecycle":[224],"products":[226],"vulnerabilities.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}