{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205824128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3136204","title":"Reducing the Impact of Defects in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Approximate Adders at Nano Scale","display_name":"Reducing the Impact of Defects in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Approximate Adders at Nano Scale","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205824128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3136204"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2021.3136204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3136204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078857723","display_name":"Alfonso S\u00e1nchez\u2010Maci\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2220-0594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020445194","display_name":"Universidad Nebrija","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzyrt94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfonso Sanchez-Macian","raw_affiliation_strings":["ARIES Research Center, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Madrid, Spain, (e-mail: asanchep@nebrija.es)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ARIES Research Center, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Madrid, Spain, (e-mail: asanchep@nebrija.es)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038673253","display_name":"Alonso Martin-Toledano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020445194","display_name":"Universidad Nebrija","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzyrt94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alonso Martin-Toledano","raw_affiliation_strings":["ARIES Research Center, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Madrid, Spain, (e-mail: amartintoledanog@alumnos.nebrija.es)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ARIES Research Center, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Madrid, Spain, (e-mail: amartintoledanog@alumnos.nebrija.es)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062692257","display_name":"Jefferson Andres Bravo-Montes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020445194","display_name":"Universidad Nebrija","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzyrt94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jefferson Andres Bravo-Montes","raw_affiliation_strings":["ARIES Research Center, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Madrid, Spain, (e-mail: jbravom1@alumnos.nebrija.es)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ARIES Research Center, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Madrid, Spain, (e-mail: jbravom1@alumnos.nebrija.es)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088891897","display_name":"Francisco Garc\u00eda-Herrero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6719-9681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020445194","display_name":"Universidad Nebrija","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzyrt94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Garcia-Herrero","raw_affiliation_strings":["ARIES Research Center, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, 16643 Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 28240 (e-mail: fgarciahe@nebrija.es)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ARIES Research Center, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, 16643 Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 28240 (e-mail: fgarciahe@nebrija.es)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044495372","display_name":"Juan Antonio Maestro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7133-9026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020445194","display_name":"Universidad Nebrija","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzyrt94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Antonio Maestro","raw_affiliation_strings":["ARIES Research Center, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, 16643 Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 28040 (e-mail: jamaestro@ucm.es)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ARIES Research Center, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, 16643 Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 28040 (e-mail: jamaestro@ucm.es)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1581,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82270503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.8926558494567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-automaton","display_name":"Cellular automaton","score":0.7709078788757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-dot-cellular-automaton","display_name":"Quantum dot cellular automaton","score":0.6992802619934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6309691667556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.5919123888015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5749276280403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5117971301078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.48652949929237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4568624496459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.43350130319595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.32775527238845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3221820592880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3082345724105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2745749056339264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08999422192573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0876249372959137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.8926558494567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35527583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189156","display_name":"Cellular automaton","level":2,"score":0.7709078788757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116523029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269040","display_name":"Quantum dot cellular automaton","level":3,"score":0.6992802619934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6309691667556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.5919123888015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5749276280403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5117971301078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.48652949929237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4568624496459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.43350130319595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.32775527238845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3221820592880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3082345724105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2745749056339264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08999422192573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0876249372959137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2021.3136204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3136204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1760221819","https://openalex.org/W1971654020","https://openalex.org/W1971899583","https://openalex.org/W1998824039","https://openalex.org/W2005865544","https://openalex.org/W2009136155","https://openalex.org/W2025768701","https://openalex.org/W2036911581","https://openalex.org/W2046299706","https://openalex.org/W2075436787","https://openalex.org/W2108819980","https://openalex.org/W2110711063","https://openalex.org/W2131119265","https://openalex.org/W2132785321","https://openalex.org/W2133403974","https://openalex.org/W2155723362","https://openalex.org/W2190406705","https://openalex.org/W2288927738","https://openalex.org/W2289736896","https://openalex.org/W2346366307","https://openalex.org/W2467225820","https://openalex.org/W2503633439","https://openalex.org/W2504925960","https://openalex.org/W2539321082","https://openalex.org/W2757225496","https://openalex.org/W2782434590","https://openalex.org/W2790884174","https://openalex.org/W2793837260","https://openalex.org/W2798712029","https://openalex.org/W2800491064","https://openalex.org/W2901979396","https://openalex.org/W2924689589","https://openalex.org/W2963082845","https://openalex.org/W2977554407","https://openalex.org/W2978969337","https://openalex.org/W3012526216","https://openalex.org/W4237751615"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183015194","https://openalex.org/W2107154702","https://openalex.org/W2069385581","https://openalex.org/W4366151891","https://openalex.org/W4246237384","https://openalex.org/W1760221819","https://openalex.org/W4281558578","https://openalex.org/W2336957217","https://openalex.org/W2153670273","https://openalex.org/W2170979950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum-dot":[0],"Cellular":[1],"Automata":[2],"(QCA)":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5,38,85],"studied":[6],"as":[7,24,49,170],"a":[8,59,74,154],"candidate":[9],"to":[10,41,186,197],"replace":[11],"traditional":[12],"CMOS":[13],"circuits.":[14],"QCA":[15,32,81,99],"circuits":[16],"are":[17,174],"implemented":[18],"using":[19,109],"majority-logic":[20],"gates":[21,145],"and":[22,35,56,90,136,139,172,188],"inverters":[23],"primitive":[25],"elements.":[26],"Different":[27],"types":[28],"of":[29,44,58,64,76,98,106,127,130,142,156,159,184],"defects":[30,102,132],"affecting":[31,61],"during":[33],"synthesis":[34],"manufacturing":[36],"have":[37,84],"identified.":[39],"Due":[40],"the":[42,45,50,54,77,96,104,117,125,160],"use":[43],"majority":[46,100,144],"logic":[47],"gate":[48,101],"main":[51],"building":[52],"block,":[53],"probability":[55],"impact":[57],"defect":[60],"this":[62],"type":[63],"element":[65],"is":[66,113,149,195],"significant.":[67],"The":[68,151,191],"effect":[69,97],"can":[70],"be":[71],"translated":[72],"into":[73],"change":[75],"boolean":[78],"expression":[79],"implemented.":[80],"Approximate":[82],"adders":[83,138],"proposed":[86],"for":[87],"image":[88],"processing":[89,105],"other":[91],"applications.":[92],"This":[93,112],"paper":[94],"analyzes":[95],"in":[103,119,124,146,177,193],"images":[107],"when":[108],"approximate":[110,135],"adders.":[111],"done":[114],"by":[115,133],"evaluating":[116],"variation":[118],"common":[120],"error":[121,164],"distance":[122],"metrics":[123,168],"presence":[126],"defects.":[128],"Mitigation":[129],"these":[131],"combining":[134],"exact":[137],"selective":[140],"introduction":[141],"fault-tolerant":[143],"different":[147,179],"bits":[148],"analyzed.":[150],"technique":[152],"achieves":[153],"reduction":[155],"around":[157,198],"75%":[158],"average":[161],"normalized":[162],"mean":[163],"distance.":[165],"Specific":[166],"image-based":[167],"such":[169],"PSNR":[171],"SSIM":[173],"also":[175],"evaluated":[176],"two":[178],"experiments,":[180],"with":[181],"an":[182],"increase":[183,192],"up":[185],"225%":[187],"226%":[189],"respectively.":[190],"area":[194],"limited":[196],"40%.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}