{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201617077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3132251","title":"Graph Learning for Cognitive Digital Twins in Manufacturing Systems","display_name":"Graph Learning for Cognitive Digital Twins in Manufacturing Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201617077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3132251","mag":"3201617077"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2021.3132251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3132251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032801955","display_name":"Trier Mortlock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2074-1722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trier Mortlock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2074-1722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029981425","display_name":"Deepan Muthirayan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7218-4545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepan Muthirayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7218-4545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057462595","display_name":"Shih-Yuan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8329-3299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Yuan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8329-3299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004650986","display_name":"Pramod P. Khargonekar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-6950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pramod P. Khargonekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-6950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055814180","display_name":"Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-0497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-0497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6215,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97019113,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"34","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11741","display_name":"Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems","score":0.9444000124931335,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9222000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7535321712493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6026210188865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5241211652755737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.4942066967487335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.45714476704597473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3939518332481384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.336169958114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1400904357433319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.1255486011505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.10892334580421448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10542267560958862}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7535321712493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6026210188865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5241211652755737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.4942066967487335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.45714476704597473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3939518332481384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.336169958114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1400904357433319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.1255486011505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.10892334580421448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10542267560958862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2021.3132251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3132251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6683306111","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-1739503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6781042673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1839429","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597535338","https://openalex.org/W1629317078","https://openalex.org/W1970268062","https://openalex.org/W2075597533","https://openalex.org/W2084092936","https://openalex.org/W2110837847","https://openalex.org/W2111132964","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2255025269","https://openalex.org/W2474655341","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2597150627","https://openalex.org/W2607234710","https://openalex.org/W2755214325","https://openalex.org/W2758454409","https://openalex.org/W2772592650","https://openalex.org/W2888684777","https://openalex.org/W2890904471","https://openalex.org/W2891779001","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2909195639","https://openalex.org/W2910258701","https://openalex.org/W2910597635","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2939062286","https://openalex.org/W2946466283","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2965775894","https://openalex.org/W2970796583","https://openalex.org/W2989925413","https://openalex.org/W2990995053","https://openalex.org/W3008389987","https://openalex.org/W3039107035","https://openalex.org/W3081529140","https://openalex.org/W3089860399","https://openalex.org/W3092933617","https://openalex.org/W3102667036","https://openalex.org/W3128766876","https://openalex.org/W3185790049","https://openalex.org/W4210257598","https://openalex.org/W4230624773","https://openalex.org/W4234551298","https://openalex.org/W4243194682","https://openalex.org/W4246894961","https://openalex.org/W6635596160","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6754234503","https://openalex.org/W6763676199","https://openalex.org/W6780532237","https://openalex.org/W6782655151","https://openalex.org/W7036819577"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Future":[0],"manufacturing":[1,50,118,151,168],"requires":[2],"complex":[3],"systems":[4],"that":[5,89,169],"connect":[6],"simulation":[7],"platforms":[8],"and":[9,26,60,107,126],"virtualization":[10],"with":[11],"physical":[12,21],"data":[13],"from":[14,113],"industrial":[15],"processes.":[16],"Digital":[17],"twins":[18,100,161],"incorporate":[19],"a":[20,23,86],"twin,":[22,25],"digital":[24,35,53,77,87,99,152,160],"the":[27,30,75,80,93,114,130,133,163],"connection":[28],"between":[29],"two.":[31],"Benefits":[32],"of":[33,83,85,95,116,167],"using":[34],"twins,":[36],"especially":[37],"in":[38,67,150,162],"manufacturing,":[39],"are":[40],"abundant":[41],"as":[42,79,142],"they":[43],"can":[44],"increase":[45],"efficiency":[46],"across":[47,132],"an":[48],"entire":[49],"life-cycle.":[51],"The":[52],"twin":[54,78,88],"concept":[55],"has":[56],"become":[57],"increasingly":[58],"sophisticated":[59],"capable":[61],"over":[62],"time,":[63],"enabled":[64],"by":[65],"rises":[66],"many":[68],"technologies.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71],"article,":[72],"we":[73],"detail":[74],"cognitive":[76,148,159],"next":[81],"stage":[82,166],"advancement":[84],"will":[90,101],"help":[91],"realize":[92,158],"vision":[94],"Industry":[96],"4.0.":[97],"Cognitive":[98],"allow":[102],"enterprises":[103],"to":[104,157],"creatively,":[105],"effectively,":[106],"efficiently":[108],"exploit":[109],"implicit":[110],"knowledge":[111],"drawn":[112],"experience":[115],"existing":[117],"systems.":[119],"They":[120],"also":[121],"enable":[122],"more":[123],"autonomous":[124],"decisions":[125],"control,":[127],"while":[128],"improving":[129],"performance":[131],"enterprise":[134],"(at":[135],"scale).":[136],"This":[137],"article":[138],"presents":[139],"graph":[140,171],"learning":[141,172],"one":[143],"potential":[144],"pathway":[145],"towards":[146],"enabling":[147],"functionalities":[149],"twins.":[153],"A":[154],"novel":[155],"approach":[156],"product":[164],"design":[165],"utilizes":[170],"is":[173],"presented.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
