{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174507191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3089848","title":"AutoRelax: HW-SW Co-Optimization for Efficient SpGEMM Operations With Automated Relaxation in Deep Learning","display_name":"AutoRelax: HW-SW Co-Optimization for Efficient SpGEMM Operations With Automated Relaxation in Deep Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174507191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3089848","mag":"3174507191"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2021.3089848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3089848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020148706","display_name":"Sehun Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sehun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &amp; Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &amp; Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003219699","display_name":"Jae\u2010Joon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae-Joon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Creative Engineering, Pohang University of Science &amp; Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Creative Engineering, Pohang University of Science &amp; Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079872127","display_name":"Jaeha Kung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6151-8602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeha Kung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &amp; Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &amp; Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020148706"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4011,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59813837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"1428","last_page":"1442"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7616406679153442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.6459255814552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-matrix","display_name":"Sparse matrix","score":0.5823488235473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46748751401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.46454334259033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.45810484886169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relaxation","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","score":0.4389101564884186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43177956342697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.42060959339141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.41702383756637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.41670137643814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3137745261192322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13427147269248962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.11856836080551147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7616406679153442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.6459255814552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56372850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050404","display_name":"Sparse matrix","level":3,"score":0.5823488235473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46748751401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46454334259033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.45810484886169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3935810","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4389101564884186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43177956342697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.42060959339141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.41702383756637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.41670137643814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3137745261192322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13427147269248962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.11856836080551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2021.3089848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2021.3089848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oasis.postech.ac.kr:2014.oak/110877","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oasis.postech.ac.kr/handle/2014.oak/110877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401965","display_name":"Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","host_organization_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1787744681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017M3A9G8084463","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2171890523","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2269491305","https://openalex.org/W2495425901","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2570467259","https://openalex.org/W2585720638","https://openalex.org/W2604662567","https://openalex.org/W2605347906","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2625457103","https://openalex.org/W2751477244","https://openalex.org/W2794952988","https://openalex.org/W2798487653","https://openalex.org/W2886851211","https://openalex.org/W2901663942","https://openalex.org/W2906043559","https://openalex.org/W2945514487","https://openalex.org/W2950656546","https://openalex.org/W2962965870","https://openalex.org/W2979439447","https://openalex.org/W3008082059","https://openalex.org/W3016542674","https://openalex.org/W3016832937","https://openalex.org/W3106213055","https://openalex.org/W3127686677","https://openalex.org/W4206566734","https://openalex.org/W4288302156","https://openalex.org/W4289478342","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4302296459","https://openalex.org/W6637151318","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6723181079","https://openalex.org/W6724998850","https://openalex.org/W6726275242","https://openalex.org/W6727690538","https://openalex.org/W6731608545","https://openalex.org/W6738957339","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6742632731","https://openalex.org/W6742690309","https://openalex.org/W6743755670","https://openalex.org/W6754358227","https://openalex.org/W6755028443","https://openalex.org/W6765155666","https://openalex.org/W6767064347","https://openalex.org/W6767584280","https://openalex.org/W6774293493","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6780125659","https://openalex.org/W6789826613"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3120961607","https://openalex.org/W4401568740","https://openalex.org/W2098207691","https://openalex.org/W3148568549","https://openalex.org/W1648516568","https://openalex.org/W361036515","https://openalex.org/W2269474412","https://openalex.org/W4386903460","https://openalex.org/W4211178602","https://openalex.org/W2433923775"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,50,71,116],"HW-SW":[3],"co-optimization":[4,98],"technique":[5],"to":[6,29,58,79],"perform":[7],"energy-efficient":[8],"spGEMM":[9,125],"operations":[10,78,126],"for":[11,74],"deep":[12],"learning.":[13],"First,":[14],"we":[15,54,68,100],"present":[16,55,70],"an":[17],"automated":[18],"pruning":[19,40,86],"algorithm,":[20],"named":[21],"AutoRelax,":[22],"that":[23],"allows":[24],"some":[25],"level":[26,48],"of":[27,37,49,83,96],"relaxation":[28],"achieve":[30],"higher":[31],"compression":[32],"ratio.":[33],"As":[34,115],"the":[35,38,46,65,81,84,94,102,121],"benefit":[36,82],"proposed":[39,85,103],"algorithm":[41,87],"may":[42],"be":[43],"limited":[44],"by":[45,127],"sparsity":[47],"given":[51],"weight":[52],"matrix,":[53],"additional":[56],"steps":[57],"further":[59],"improve":[60],"its":[61],"efficiency.":[62],"Along":[63],"with":[64],"software":[66],"approach,":[67],"also":[69],"hardware":[72],"architecture":[73],"processing":[75],"sparse":[76,89,145],"GEMM":[77],"maximize":[80],"and":[88,112,132],"matrix":[90],"format.":[91],"To":[92],"validate":[93],"efficiency":[95],"our":[97,118],"methodology,":[99],"evaluated":[101],"method":[104],"on":[105,124],"three":[106],"benchmarks,":[107],"language":[108],"modeling,":[109],"speech":[110],"recognition":[111],"image":[113],"classification.":[114],"result,":[117],"approach":[119],"improves":[120],"on-chip":[122],"performance":[123],"9.50":[128],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[129,135],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\sim$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[130,136],"27.57%":[131],"achieves":[133],"15.35":[134],"33.28%":[137],"energy":[138],"reduction":[139],"considering":[140],"DRAM":[141],"accesses":[142],"over":[143],"other":[144],"accelerators.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
