{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2909955646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2019.2893040","title":"Resonant-Tunnelling Diodes as PUF Building Blocks","display_name":"Resonant-Tunnelling Diodes as PUF Building Blocks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2909955646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2019.2893040","mag":"2909955646"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2019.2893040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2019.2893040","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6245516/9447283/08611366.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6245516/9447283/08611366.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090600631","display_name":"\u0130brahim Ethem Ba\u011fc\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8397-9661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Ethem Bagci","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052974527","display_name":"Thomas McGrath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2349-0439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas McGrath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080028449","display_name":"Christine Barthelmes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Barthelmes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060262373","display_name":"Scott Dean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3751-3566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Dean","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043307269","display_name":"Ram\u00f3n Bernardo Gavito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6881-2599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramon Bernardo Gavito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103131438","display_name":"Robert J. Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5719-2205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert James Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036442254","display_name":"Utz Roedig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-0889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27577105","display_name":"University College Cork","ror":"https://ror.org/03265fv13","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27577105"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Utz Roedig","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Technology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Technology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27577105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090600631"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2344,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76648526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"878","last_page":"885"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-tunnelling","display_name":"Quantum tunnelling","score":0.8569958209991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diode","display_name":"Diode","score":0.6476708650588989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.5610050559043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5570590496063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5333570837974548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5018048286437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4514060914516449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4027208089828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.39893388748168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.27614063024520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25747254490852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.20266196131706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08296474814414978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120398109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175751","display_name":"Quantum tunnelling","level":2,"score":0.8569958209991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.6476708650588989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.5610050559043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5570590496063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5333570837974548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5018048286437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4514060914516449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4027208089828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.39893388748168945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.27614063024520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25747254490852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.20266196131706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08296474814414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2019.2893040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2019.2893040","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6245516/9447283/08611366.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cora.ucc.ie:10468/9170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10468/9170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401150","display_name":"Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210141138","host_organization_name":"APC Microbiome Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141138"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article (peer-reviewed)"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:130483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/130483/1/bagci2019resonant.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2019.2893040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2019.2893040","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6245516/9447283/08611366.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1083427151","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M028305/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1361938442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1523888516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1934935867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Engineering and Physical Sciences R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G230078430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-16","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2674840903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3392305090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-16-1-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3616359867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-16-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3929625009","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L01548X","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5303011379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R00692X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5809100787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7211248186","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UF110555","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7904567108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UF160721","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8106806504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-16-1-0276","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8331042559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K50421X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8618852513","display_name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in the Science and Applications of Graphene and Related Nanomaterials (GrapheneNOWNANO)","funder_award_id":"EP/L01548X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8874449375","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L01548X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2909955646.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2909955646.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25365497","https://openalex.org/W1504081452","https://openalex.org/W1515671919","https://openalex.org/W1555380212","https://openalex.org/W1963105592","https://openalex.org/W1965515930","https://openalex.org/W1972716194","https://openalex.org/W1977404003","https://openalex.org/W1992025965","https://openalex.org/W2000171858","https://openalex.org/W2016933941","https://openalex.org/W2033443176","https://openalex.org/W2035703103","https://openalex.org/W2073079008","https://openalex.org/W2079275996","https://openalex.org/W2080284304","https://openalex.org/W2088455835","https://openalex.org/W2100235537","https://openalex.org/W2115255494","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2130351941","https://openalex.org/W2131781690","https://openalex.org/W2151759197","https://openalex.org/W2153907376","https://openalex.org/W2161156247","https://openalex.org/W2162722344","https://openalex.org/W2169212403","https://openalex.org/W2225497109","https://openalex.org/W2399877787","https://openalex.org/W2476901852","https://openalex.org/W2628319348","https://openalex.org/W3102142459","https://openalex.org/W4252995036","https://openalex.org/W6676995458","https://openalex.org/W6689343174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2072948749","https://openalex.org/W1984121240","https://openalex.org/W2351214216","https://openalex.org/W2038109296","https://openalex.org/W1991719647","https://openalex.org/W4385314874","https://openalex.org/W3022264728","https://openalex.org/W4220951535"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Resonant-Tunnelling":[0],"Diodes":[1],"(RTDs)":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"proposed":[5],"as":[6],"building":[7,46],"blocks":[8],"for":[9],"Physical":[10],"Unclonable":[11],"Functions":[12],"(PUFs).":[13],"In":[14],"this":[15],"paper":[16],"we":[17],"show":[18,39],"how":[19],"the":[20],"unique":[21],"RTD":[22],"current-voltage":[23],"(I-V)":[24],"spectrum":[25],"can":[26],"be":[27],"translated":[28],"into":[29],"a":[30,43],"robust":[31],"digital":[32],"representation.":[33],"We":[34],"analyse":[35],"130":[36],"devices":[37],"and":[38],"that":[40],"RTDs":[41],"are":[42],"viable":[44],"PUF":[45],"block.":[47]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
