{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2511024728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2016.2601220","title":"Robust and Large-Scale Convolution through Stochastic-Based Processing without Multipliers","display_name":"Robust and Large-Scale Convolution through Stochastic-Based Processing without Multipliers","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2511024728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2016.2601220","mag":"2511024728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2016.2601220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2016.2601220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079607802","display_name":"Mohammed Alawad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7491-0440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12150220","display_name":"University of Mosul","ror":"https://ror.org/039cf4q47","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12150220"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Alawad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7491-0440","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12150220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018409371","display_name":"Yu Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2303-1120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142934699","display_name":"California State University, Fullerton","ror":"https://ror.org/02avqqw26","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Program, California State University, Fullerton, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Program, California State University, Fullerton, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069017725","display_name":"Ronald F. DeMara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-7255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald F. DeMara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, FL"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-7255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060908808","display_name":"Mingjie Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3225-4406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingjie Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, FL"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3225-4406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8488,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81640132,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"80","last_page":"97"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5683963894844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.493615984916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.45462679862976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.43545767664909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplier","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","score":0.43024227023124695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution-theorem","display_name":"Convolution theorem","score":0.4110780954360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.37138864398002625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3550681471824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3384312689304352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.19377413392066956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.16768133640289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.10709944367408752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.103473961353302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-analysis","display_name":"Fourier analysis","score":0.09250879287719727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5683963894844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.493615984916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.45462679862976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.43545767664909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.43024227023124695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79587385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2638931","display_name":"Convolution theorem","level":5,"score":0.4110780954360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.37138864398002625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3550681471824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3384312689304352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.19377413392066956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.16768133640289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.10709944367408752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.103473961353302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203024314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365258","display_name":"Fourier analysis","level":3,"score":0.09250879287719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76563020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817582","display_name":"Fractional Fourier transform","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tetc.2016.2601220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tetc.2016.2601220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2496326734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","issn_l":"2168-6750","issn":["2168-6750","2376-4562"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573751879","https://openalex.org/W1752712236","https://openalex.org/W1971014294","https://openalex.org/W1983364832","https://openalex.org/W2009832130","https://openalex.org/W2013098447","https://openalex.org/W2015861736","https://openalex.org/W2019906979","https://openalex.org/W2027562621","https://openalex.org/W2029356595","https://openalex.org/W2045292011","https://openalex.org/W2054215882","https://openalex.org/W2057334558","https://openalex.org/W2059360435","https://openalex.org/W2068395868","https://openalex.org/W2084402884","https://openalex.org/W2095603848","https://openalex.org/W2101765144","https://openalex.org/W2108896030","https://openalex.org/W2110025685","https://openalex.org/W2123008137","https://openalex.org/W2124365448","https://openalex.org/W2130325614","https://openalex.org/W2133280289","https://openalex.org/W2135192563","https://openalex.org/W2135252045","https://openalex.org/W2138571671","https://openalex.org/W2139958836","https://openalex.org/W2144822436","https://openalex.org/W2147860648","https://openalex.org/W2169488311","https://openalex.org/W2169544988","https://openalex.org/W2498260651","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2951920181","https://openalex.org/W2964259192","https://openalex.org/W4300353561","https://openalex.org/W4300985142","https://openalex.org/W6634407852","https://openalex.org/W6657903211","https://openalex.org/W6680709579","https://openalex.org/W6685048874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2293685972","https://openalex.org/W4363675452","https://openalex.org/W2899125270","https://openalex.org/W2165363605","https://openalex.org/W1997262258","https://openalex.org/W2033499985","https://openalex.org/W4290189506","https://openalex.org/W2267589039","https://openalex.org/W4224987185","https://openalex.org/W1975739358"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large-scale":[0],"discrete":[1,34],"convolution,":[2],"well-known":[3],"to":[4,99,113,151,179,221],"be":[5,110,152,173],"computationally":[6],"intensive,":[7],"is":[8,145,154,197],"a":[9,25,87,101,116,137,157],"fundamental":[10],"algorithmic":[11,54],"building":[12],"block":[13],"in":[14],"many":[15,200,231],"computer":[16],"vision":[17],"and":[18,30,82,190,226],"artificial":[19],"intelligence":[20],"applications.":[21,234],"This":[22,67],"work":[23,216],"presents":[24],"novel":[26],"stochastic-based":[27,107,143,194],"hardware":[28],"architecture":[29,144,196],"design":[31],"that":[32,209],"computes":[33],"convolution":[35,40,108,138,195],"based":[36],"on":[37],"the":[38,92,149,165,180],"widely-used":[39],"theorem.":[41],"Our":[42],"approach":[43],"has":[44],"three":[45],"advantages.":[46],"First,":[47],"it":[48],"can":[49,109,126],"achieve":[50,100,127],"approximately${\\mathrm":[51],"O}":[52,73,75],"(1)$in":[53],"complexity":[55],"for":[56,79,136,199,230],"any":[57,62],"given":[58,63,102],"absolute":[59],"error":[60],"bound$d$and":[61],"input":[64],"vector":[65],"size$N$.":[66],"computing":[68,96,103,170,207,224,227],"complexity,":[69],"when":[70],"compared":[71],"with${\\mathrm":[72],"(N^2)$and${\\mathrm":[74],"(N":[76],"\\log":[77],"N)$operations":[78],"conventional":[80],"multiplier-based":[81],"FFT-based":[83],"architectures":[84],"respectively,":[85],"represents":[86],"significant":[88],"improvement,":[89],"although":[90],"at":[91,131],"cost":[93],"of":[94,119,160,168],"degraded":[95],"accuracy.":[97],"Second,":[98],"accuracy,":[104],"our":[105,193],"proposed":[106,142],"analytically":[111],"proven":[112],"only":[114],"require":[115],"moderate":[117],"number":[118],"random":[120,124,161],"samples,":[121],"e.g.,":[122],"788":[123],"samples":[125],"95":[128],"percent":[129,133],"accuracy":[130,171,225],"99":[132],"confidence":[134],"level":[135],"with$N=128$.":[139],"Third,":[140],"this":[141,215],"highly":[146,188],"fault-tolerant":[147],"because":[148],"information":[150],"processed":[153],"encoded":[155],"with":[156],"large":[158],"ensemble":[159],"samples.":[162],"As":[163],"such,":[164],"local":[166],"perturbations":[167],"its":[169],"will":[172],"dissipated":[174],"globally,":[175],"thus":[176],"becoming":[177],"inconsequential":[178],"final":[181],"overall":[182],"results.":[183],"We":[184],"believe":[185],"that,":[186],"being":[187],"scalable":[189],"energy":[191],"efficient,":[192],"well-suited":[198],"real-time":[201],"embedded":[202],"applications,":[203],"especially":[204],"those":[205],"perception-based":[206],"tasks":[208],"are":[210],"inherently":[211],"fault-tolerant.":[212],"In":[213],"short,":[214],"provides":[217],"an":[218],"elegant":[219],"way":[220],"tradeoff":[222],"between":[223],"performance/hardware":[228],"efficiency":[229],"real-world":[232],"convolution-based":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}