{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7150899415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3680985","title":"Manufacturers\u2019 Vertical Integration Strategies in Chain-to-Chain Competition With Downstream Risks and Upstream Innovation","display_name":"Manufacturers\u2019 Vertical Integration Strategies in Chain-to-Chain Competition With Downstream Risks and Upstream Innovation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7150899415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3680985"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2026.3680985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3680985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075577565","display_name":"Haojia He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102345215","display_name":"Xihua University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gwtvf26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haojia He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9270-4897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047642373","display_name":"Xingzheng Ai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9956-8995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingzheng Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9956-8995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133007826","display_name":"Jing Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Management, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8755-2857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Management, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075577565"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102345215"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76592935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"2778","last_page":"2790"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.33809998631477356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.33809998631477356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.10360000282526016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.039799999445676804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downstream","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","score":0.7426000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-integration","display_name":"Vertical integration","score":0.71670001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upstream","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","score":0.7098000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.6432999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upstream-and-downstream","display_name":"Upstream and downstream (DNA)","score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.3174999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.7426000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181169782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571520","display_name":"Vertical integration","level":2,"score":0.71670001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191172861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","level":2,"score":0.7098000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6639000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6432999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158980903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899329","display_name":"Upstream and downstream (DNA)","level":3,"score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73755100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1282900","display_name":"Horizontal integration","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776941364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9751533","display_name":"Midstream","level":3,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2026.3680985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3680985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6306374073028564,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G341178052","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72072022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5484172602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72402186","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"models":[2],"two":[3],"competing":[4],"supply":[5],"chains,":[6],"each":[7],"consisting":[8],"of":[9,107,113],"a":[10,12,15,54],"supplier,":[11],"manufacturer,":[13],"and":[14,22,74,95,126],"retailer,":[16],"operating":[17],"under":[18,68],"downstream":[19],"demand":[20],"uncertainty":[21],"upstream":[23],"innovation.":[24],"Manufacturers":[25],"can":[26,43],"choose":[27],"forward":[28],"integration,":[29,31],"backward":[30],"or":[32],"non-integration.":[33],"The":[34],"results":[35],"show":[36,85],"that":[37,78,86],"intense":[38,72],"competition":[39],"between":[40],"integrated":[41],"chains":[42],"expand":[44],"the":[45,105,111,114],"overall":[46],"market,":[47],"but":[48],"high":[49],"innovation":[50,70],"efficiency":[51],"may":[52],"disadvantage":[53],"unilateral":[55],"backward-integrated":[56],"manufacturer.":[57],"Three":[58],"distinct":[59],"vertical":[60],"structures":[61],"emerge":[62],"in":[63],"equilibrium.":[64],"Notably,":[65],"non-integration":[66,87],"arises":[67],"low":[69],"efficiency,":[71],"competition,":[73],"stable":[75],"demand\u2014an":[76],"outcome":[77],"departs":[79],"from":[80],"prior":[81],"research.":[82],"Extended":[83],"analyses":[84],"remains":[88],"optimal":[89],"both":[90],"when":[91,96],"suppliers":[92],"are":[93],"non-strategic":[94],"bilateral":[97],"integration":[98,124],"willingness":[99],"is":[100],"considered.":[101],"In":[102],"addition,":[103],"examining":[104],"accuracy":[106],"asymmetric":[108],"signals":[109],"confirms":[110],"robustness":[112],"baseline":[115],"results.":[116],"These":[117],"findings":[118],"clarify":[119],"why":[120,127],"manufacturers":[121],"adopt":[122],"diverse":[123],"strategies":[125],"some":[128],"firms":[129],"deliberately":[130],"remain":[131],"non-integrated":[132],"to":[133],"preserve":[134],"competitive":[135],"advantage.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T06:04:28.489925","created_date":"2026-04-07T00:00:00"}