{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131131961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3667200","title":"Interplay Between Parallel Importation and Outsourcing in Global Supply Chains: A Game Theoretical Analysis","display_name":"Interplay Between Parallel Importation and Outsourcing in Global Supply Chains: A Game Theoretical Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131131961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3667200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2026.3667200","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3667200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041986783","display_name":"Hai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6668-0139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6668-0139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126603981","display_name":"Jianqiang Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianqiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8600-0014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001871481","display_name":"Stuart X. Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9929-6221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stuart X. Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Operations, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9929-6221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Operations, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126621934","display_name":"Ying He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158934434","display_name":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqxxq63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1730-8606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17146349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"2066","last_page":"2078"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.22759999334812164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.22759999334812164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.14329999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10539","display_name":"Sustainable Supply Chain Management","score":0.03999999910593033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.8827999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinational-corporation","display_name":"Multinational corporation","score":0.722100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.5806999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.5005999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-and-demand","display_name":"Supply and demand","score":0.44589999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-process-outsourcing","display_name":"Knowledge process outsourcing","score":0.4449999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.8827999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158016649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726","display_name":"Multinational corporation","level":2,"score":0.722100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.6916999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6593999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5806999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5005999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120330832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166656","display_name":"Supply and demand","level":2,"score":0.44589999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108474776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2917279","display_name":"Knowledge process outsourcing","level":3,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181169782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571520","display_name":"Vertical integration","level":2,"score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86337476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651685","display_name":"Supply shock","level":3,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16520705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q601799","display_name":"Cournot competition","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11644782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401790","display_name":"Cost efficiency","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27416245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428088","display_name":"Grey market","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781415417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25304581","display_name":"Incomplete contracts","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985847231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12154181","display_name":"Production cost","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2026.3667200","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3667200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/8c03e2d0-76d2-4c8d-997c-788e9c6067ea","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/8c03e2d0-76d2-4c8d-997c-788e9c6067ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Li, H, Zhang, J, Zhu, S X & He, Y 2026, 'Interplay between Parallel Importation and Outsourcing in Global Supply Chains : a Game Theoretical Analysis', IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 73. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2026.3667200","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/8c03e2d0-76d2-4c8d-997c-788e9c6067ea","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11370/8c03e2d0-76d2-4c8d-997c-788e9c6067ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Li, H, Zhang, J, Zhu, S X & He, Y 2026, 'Interplay between Parallel Importation and Outsourcing in Global Supply Chains : a Game Theoretical Analysis', IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 73. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2026.3667200","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2555980337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72171235","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3842108882","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72571118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977396265","https://openalex.org/W1981880505","https://openalex.org/W1990673624","https://openalex.org/W2019595731","https://openalex.org/W2042026179","https://openalex.org/W2119240147","https://openalex.org/W2136179428","https://openalex.org/W2164596829","https://openalex.org/W2213764884","https://openalex.org/W2324438586","https://openalex.org/W2470264367","https://openalex.org/W2507238328","https://openalex.org/W2562922700","https://openalex.org/W2604261402","https://openalex.org/W2750093038","https://openalex.org/W2754742831","https://openalex.org/W2802051586","https://openalex.org/W2802699101","https://openalex.org/W2883290861","https://openalex.org/W2974624631","https://openalex.org/W3027000414","https://openalex.org/W3034711430","https://openalex.org/W3040728374","https://openalex.org/W3044082544","https://openalex.org/W3101765155","https://openalex.org/W3121478885","https://openalex.org/W3122466977","https://openalex.org/W3123284150","https://openalex.org/W3123420459","https://openalex.org/W3128264560","https://openalex.org/W3135651258","https://openalex.org/W3164630111","https://openalex.org/W3204652278","https://openalex.org/W3213459033","https://openalex.org/W4210787152","https://openalex.org/W4213265038","https://openalex.org/W4280498580","https://openalex.org/W4281739406","https://openalex.org/W4293812067","https://openalex.org/W4297990355","https://openalex.org/W4303648392","https://openalex.org/W4308323215","https://openalex.org/W4310816557","https://openalex.org/W4361297684","https://openalex.org/W4367186580","https://openalex.org/W4380635008","https://openalex.org/W4387344633","https://openalex.org/W4389298991","https://openalex.org/W4392561408","https://openalex.org/W4400723400","https://openalex.org/W4402327748","https://openalex.org/W4409474518","https://openalex.org/W4411203581","https://openalex.org/W7085301565"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Parallel":[0],"importation":[1,48],"(the":[2,11],"unauthorized":[3],"cross-border":[4],"resale":[5],"of":[6,13,34,66,154],"genuine":[7],"products)":[8],"and":[9,39,49,101,137,151],"outsourcing":[10,50,78],"delegation":[12],"manufacturing":[14],"activities":[15],"to":[16,89,127],"external":[17],"contract":[18,41],"manufacturers)":[19],"are":[20],"common":[21],"yet":[22],"insufficiently":[23],"explored":[24],"phenomena":[25],"in":[26],"global":[27],"supply":[28,138],"chains.":[29],"Using":[30],"a":[31,35,40],"game-theoretic":[32],"model":[33],"multinational":[36],"firm":[37],"(MNF)":[38],"manufacturer":[42],"(CM),":[43],"we":[44],"analyze":[45],"how":[46],"parallel":[47,67,70,94,129,146],"interact.":[51],"We":[52],"find":[53],"that":[54],"higher":[55,125],"in-house":[56,76,122],"production":[57,123],"costs":[58,126],"borne":[59],"by":[60,111],"the":[61,64,83,98,109,118,152],"MNF":[62,110,119],"reduce":[63],"risk":[65],"importation.":[68],"While":[69],"imports":[71,95],"diminish":[72],"total":[73],"demand":[74,136],"under":[75,134],"production,":[77],"counteracts":[79],"this":[80],"loss":[81],"as":[82],"CM":[84],"strategically":[85],"lowers":[86],"wholesale":[87],"prices":[88],"stabilize":[90],"market":[91],"share.":[92],"Although":[93],"consistently":[96],"erode":[97],"CM's":[99],"profit":[100],"overall":[102],"supply-chain":[103],"efficiency,":[104],"they":[105],"can":[106],"counter-intuitively":[107],"benefit":[108],"inducing":[112],"wholesale-price":[113],"concessions.":[114],"This":[115],"explains":[116],"why":[117],"may":[120],"retain":[121],"despite":[124],"deter":[128],"imports.":[130],"Robustness":[131],"is":[132],"maintained":[133],"various":[135],"conditions,":[139],"including":[140],"consumer":[141],"bias":[142],"for":[143],"or":[144],"against":[145],"imports,":[147],"stochastic":[148],"gray-market":[149],"entry,":[150],"presence":[153],"positive":[155],"contract-manufacturing":[156],"costs.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T20:47:17.329874","created_date":"2026-02-24T00:00:00"}