{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124866228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3656330","title":"Optimal Promotion Strategies for Deteriorating Products: Price Discount Versus Credit Period Extension","display_name":"Optimal Promotion Strategies for Deteriorating Products: Price Discount Versus Credit Period Extension","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124866228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3656330"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2026.3656330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3656330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102733787","display_name":"Gongbing Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4671-8603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gongbing Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute of Finance, School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute of Finance, School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123384681","display_name":"Dang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute of Finance, School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute of Finance, School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086838265","display_name":"Pingfan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3215-3947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59483232","display_name":"Shandong University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2nnq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pingfan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business Administration, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3215-3947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Administration, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59483232"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102733787"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09895833,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"1602","last_page":"1618"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.6559000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.6559000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12544","display_name":"Working Capital and Financial Performance","score":0.3084000051021576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10539","display_name":"Sustainable Supply Chain Management","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profitability-index","display_name":"Profitability index","score":0.7124000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/promotion","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","score":0.6072999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opportunity-cost","display_name":"Opportunity cost","score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cash","display_name":"Cash","score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cash-flow","display_name":"Cash flow","score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-credit","display_name":"Trade credit","score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.3528999984264374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.7124000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98147612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215599","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","level":3,"score":0.6072999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.525600016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68359772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185715","display_name":"Opportunity cost","level":2,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778083465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693464","display_name":"Cash","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163428354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047513","display_name":"Cash flow","level":2,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776825449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780900","display_name":"Trade credit","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776167287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832069","display_name":"Trade promotion","level":3,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31348098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3423719","display_name":"Credit enhancement","level":4,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6927289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1100466","display_name":"Present value","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2026.3656330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3656330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4613574147224426,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G394197548","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72171214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5920736330","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72101003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8480155402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72188101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W588894211","https://openalex.org/W1970743458","https://openalex.org/W1972843349","https://openalex.org/W1982468142","https://openalex.org/W1983440286","https://openalex.org/W1985694229","https://openalex.org/W1994948315","https://openalex.org/W2013138750","https://openalex.org/W2016884140","https://openalex.org/W2020592759","https://openalex.org/W2027050115","https://openalex.org/W2067335827","https://openalex.org/W2115666674","https://openalex.org/W2130816827","https://openalex.org/W2162180643","https://openalex.org/W2171039229","https://openalex.org/W2175537309","https://openalex.org/W2280450806","https://openalex.org/W2323102751","https://openalex.org/W2605496294","https://openalex.org/W2800084145","https://openalex.org/W2801181554","https://openalex.org/W2891180826","https://openalex.org/W2900910721","https://openalex.org/W2918625756","https://openalex.org/W3023677070","https://openalex.org/W3081734208","https://openalex.org/W3095434084","https://openalex.org/W3122781793","https://openalex.org/W3122986902","https://openalex.org/W3124863821","https://openalex.org/W3125881094","https://openalex.org/W3125982102","https://openalex.org/W3162735476","https://openalex.org/W3173578855","https://openalex.org/W4224910032","https://openalex.org/W4252199379","https://openalex.org/W4254962007","https://openalex.org/W4285146016","https://openalex.org/W4289011883","https://openalex.org/W4317496120","https://openalex.org/W4367550804","https://openalex.org/W4387872664","https://openalex.org/W4391492653","https://openalex.org/W4392551489","https://openalex.org/W4402352882","https://openalex.org/W4406143130","https://openalex.org/W4406450360","https://openalex.org/W4407668669","https://openalex.org/W4408326406","https://openalex.org/W4409480042","https://openalex.org/W4409916799"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Product":[0],"deterioration":[1,48,87,187],"poses":[2],"significant":[3],"challenges":[4],"to":[5,137,143,185],"inventory":[6],"management":[7],"and":[8,29,77,88,134,213],"profitability.":[9],"Highlighting":[10],"the":[11,84,90,108,122,131,138,144,151,165,189,198,201],"importance":[12],"of":[13,86,96,140,192,200],"effective":[14],"promotion":[15,26,32,55,63,101,120,158,194,215],"strategies,":[16],"this":[17],"paper":[18,205],"investigates":[19],"two":[20],"countermeasures":[21],"for":[22,182],"deteriorating":[23,219],"goods:":[24],"price":[25,54,76,119,133,157],"(price":[27],"discount)":[28],"trade":[30,61,78,99,160],"credit":[31,62,79,100,145,161],"(credit":[33],"period":[34],"extension),":[35],"analyzing":[36],"their":[37,50],"differential":[38],"impacts":[39,191],"on":[40],"mitigating":[41],"value":[42],"loss.":[43],"While":[44],"both":[45,75,193],"strategies":[46,195,216],"alleviate":[47],"effects,":[49],"cost":[51,67,112],"structures":[52],"diverge:":[53],"directly":[56],"erodes":[57],"marginal":[58],"profit,":[59],"whereas":[60],"incurs":[64],"cash":[65,110],"opportunity":[66,111],"from":[68],"deferred":[69],"payments.":[70],"Our":[71],"findings":[72],"reveal":[73],"that":[74,150],"promotions":[80],"can":[81],"help":[82],"mitigate":[83],"impact":[85],"enhance":[89],"retailer's":[91,166],"profitability":[92,106,167],"with":[93,130],"different":[94],"scopes":[95],"application.":[97],"Specifically,":[98],"results":[102],"in":[103],"higher":[104],"retailer":[105],"when":[107,217],"unit":[109],"falls":[113],"below":[114],"a":[115,175],"certain":[116],"threshold;":[117],"otherwise,":[118],"becomes":[121],"more":[123,152],"favorable":[124],"strategy.":[125],"This":[126,204],"threshold":[127],"inversely":[128],"correlates":[129],"selling":[132,218],"positively":[135],"relates":[136],"sensitivity":[139],"market":[141],"demand":[142],"period.":[146],"Furthermore,":[147],"we":[148],"find":[149],"profitable":[153],"strategy\u2013":[154],"-":[155],"whether":[156],"or":[159],"promotion\u2014not":[162],"only":[163],"enhances":[164],"but":[168],"also":[169],"improves":[170],"consumer":[171,183],"surplus,":[172],"thereby":[173],"creating":[174],"win-win":[176],"outcome.":[177],"An":[178],"extended":[179],"model":[180],"accounting":[181],"indifference":[184],"product":[186],"reaffirms":[188],"distinct":[190],"while":[196],"validating":[197],"robustness":[199],"baseline":[202],"model.":[203],"offers":[206],"managerial":[207],"insights":[208],"into":[209],"how":[210],"retailers":[211],"choose":[212],"implement":[214],"products.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-12T06:13:03.167441","created_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00"}