{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387587507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2023.3316752","title":"How to Conduct a Merger? A Stackelberg\u2013Cournot Game for Financing Retailers in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain","display_name":"How to Conduct a Merger? A Stackelberg\u2013Cournot Game for Financing Retailers in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387587507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2023.3316752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2023.3316752","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2023.3316752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102791381","display_name":"Qingqi Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-3389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90727586","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/055vj5234","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90727586"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingqi Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Management and Artificial Intelligence, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-3389","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Management and Artificial Intelligence, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90727586"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006483742","display_name":"Yunting Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90727586","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/055vj5234","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90727586"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Management and Artificial Intelligence, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8646-1574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Management and Artificial Intelligence, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90727586"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103188568","display_name":"Juan\u2010juan Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9529-4800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90727586","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/055vj5234","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90727586"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juanjuan Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Management and Artificial Intelligence, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9529-4800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Management and Artificial Intelligence, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90727586"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102791381"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90727586"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4895,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90340073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"9790","last_page":"9812"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10539","display_name":"Sustainable Supply Chain Management","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.9440000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.9712565541267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cournot-competition","display_name":"Cournot competition","score":0.9201499223709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.7794432044029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-loop","display_name":"Closed loop","score":0.6238473653793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.532132625579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5048187375068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain-management","display_name":"Supply chain management","score":0.48247960209846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.45479753613471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loop","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","score":0.42225754261016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.41015928983688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.32274359464645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.11376205086708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1115487813949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08931630849838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.06676414608955383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.9712565541267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16520705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q601799","display_name":"Cournot competition","level":2,"score":0.9201499223709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.7794432044029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019251811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135346","display_name":"Closed loop","level":2,"score":0.6238473653793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.532132625579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5048187375068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44104985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492886","display_name":"Supply chain management","level":3,"score":0.48247960209846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.45479753613471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184670325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512604","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.42225754261016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.41015928983688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.32274359464645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.11376205086708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1115487813949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08931630849838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.06676414608955383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2023.3316752","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2023.3316752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671356576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71771195","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7334630983","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72171208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W561838836","https://openalex.org/W1945114436","https://openalex.org/W2055789146","https://openalex.org/W2206675244","https://openalex.org/W2266452269","https://openalex.org/W2310869140","https://openalex.org/W2329420013","https://openalex.org/W2522138566","https://openalex.org/W2561103686","https://openalex.org/W2562922700","https://openalex.org/W2563778827","https://openalex.org/W2771851313","https://openalex.org/W2773544192","https://openalex.org/W2789273896","https://openalex.org/W2791623028","https://openalex.org/W2798090897","https://openalex.org/W2885121591","https://openalex.org/W2887987077","https://openalex.org/W2888480175","https://openalex.org/W2890718558","https://openalex.org/W2903509943","https://openalex.org/W2903514147","https://openalex.org/W2910640441","https://openalex.org/W2936876695","https://openalex.org/W2951911324","https://openalex.org/W2960138257","https://openalex.org/W2981823814","https://openalex.org/W2996080462","https://openalex.org/W3014917863","https://openalex.org/W3016023318","https://openalex.org/W3019037302","https://openalex.org/W3029409870","https://openalex.org/W3030284076","https://openalex.org/W3040996598","https://openalex.org/W3041569722","https://openalex.org/W3041833726","https://openalex.org/W3087864300","https://openalex.org/W3092601960","https://openalex.org/W3111621899","https://openalex.org/W3112913029","https://openalex.org/W3120950387","https://openalex.org/W3123878829","https://openalex.org/W3123885627","https://openalex.org/W3126230712","https://openalex.org/W3138101124","https://openalex.org/W3149902180","https://openalex.org/W3159433174","https://openalex.org/W3169259234","https://openalex.org/W3170532360","https://openalex.org/W3178541006","https://openalex.org/W3194369168","https://openalex.org/W3196616009","https://openalex.org/W3217715670","https://openalex.org/W4210761470","https://openalex.org/W4213342505","https://openalex.org/W4220680570","https://openalex.org/W4220703919","https://openalex.org/W4221032480","https://openalex.org/W4221099537","https://openalex.org/W4223480127","https://openalex.org/W4280533584","https://openalex.org/W4281967560","https://openalex.org/W4283393665","https://openalex.org/W4289028902","https://openalex.org/W4300002254","https://openalex.org/W4327503228","https://openalex.org/W4365420670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141320029","https://openalex.org/W4300522556","https://openalex.org/W2006693886","https://openalex.org/W4233955877","https://openalex.org/W2361302285","https://openalex.org/W2776659646","https://openalex.org/W2050443273","https://openalex.org/W2290874200","https://openalex.org/W2075268106","https://openalex.org/W1991282748"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retailers":[0],"in":[1,11,65,104],"a":[2,105,124,133,162,167],"closed-loop":[3],"supply":[4],"chain":[5],"(CLSC)":[6],"always":[7,75],"confront":[8],"capital":[9],"constraint":[10],"establish":[12],"recycling":[13,100,121,152],"business,":[14],"thereby":[15],"turn":[16],"to":[17,46],"trade":[18],"credit":[19,24],"financing":[20,25,52,85],"(TCF)":[21],"or":[22,164],"bank":[23],"(BCF),":[26],"and":[27,97,179],"often":[28],"accept":[29],"mergers":[30],"with":[31,123,170],"other":[32],"enterprises.":[33],"To":[34],"clarify":[35],"the":[36,66,70,80,83,99,110,120,155,176,185],"merger":[37,81,107,135],"effects":[38,181],"on":[39],"CLSC":[40,103],"members,":[41],"Stackelberg\u2013Cournot":[42],"models":[43],"are":[44,182],"established":[45],"explore":[47],"strategies":[48,86],"of":[49,102,157,161],"two":[50,84],"capital-constrained":[51],"retailers.":[53],"The":[54,91],"results":[55],"indicate":[56],"that":[57,132,174],"TCF":[58,71],"is":[59,172,188],"commonly":[60],"more":[61],"beneficial":[62],"than":[63],"BCF":[64],"nonmerger":[67],"scenario.":[68],"Interestingly,":[69],"strategy":[72],"does":[73],"not":[74],"achieve":[76],"profit":[77,96],"advantage":[78],"when":[79,184],"occurs;":[82],"have":[87],"their":[88],"own":[89],"applicability.":[90],"manufacturer":[92],"can":[93,118],"increase":[94,141,149],"its":[95],"develop":[98],"business":[101],"compatible":[106,134,163],"by":[108],"merging":[109],"large":[111,186],"retailer.":[112],"In":[113],"this":[114],"scenario,":[115],"both":[116,150],"retailers":[117],"rise":[119],"rates":[122,153],"small":[125],"share":[126],"coefficient.":[127],"This":[128],"study":[129],"also":[130],"finds":[131],"may":[136,148],"create":[137],"economic":[138,180],"benefits":[139],"but":[140],"environmental":[142],"consumption,":[143],"while":[144],"an":[145],"incompatible":[146,165],"combination":[147],"retailers\u2019":[151],"at":[154],"cost":[156],"losing":[158],"revenue.":[159],"Regardless":[160],"merger,":[166],"Pareto":[168],"region":[169],"all-win":[171],"found":[173],"all":[175],"social,":[177],"environmental,":[178],"promoted":[183],"retailer":[187],"merged.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
