{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3195097297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2021.3092702","title":"Are We Living in Surveillance Societies and Is Privacy an Illusion? An Empirical Study on Privacy Literacy and Privacy Concerns","display_name":"Are We Living in Surveillance Societies and Is Privacy an Illusion? An Empirical Study on Privacy Literacy and Privacy Concerns","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3195097297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2021.3092702","mag":"3195097297"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2021.3092702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2021.3092702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9513653","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050930552","display_name":"Christine Prince","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3237-5953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I237446400","display_name":"Institut Superieur de Gestion","ror":"https://ror.org/035fsmk47","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I237446400"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christine Prince","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and New Consumption Models, Institut Superieur de Gestion ISG International Business School, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and New Consumption Models, Institut Superieur de Gestion ISG International Business School, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I237446400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026049085","display_name":"Nessrine Omrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4257-9500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802331213","display_name":"Paris School of Business","ror":"https://ror.org/01y414495","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802331213"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nessrine Omrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Management and Strategy, Paris School of Business, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4257-9500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management and Strategy, Paris School of Business, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802331213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035399050","display_name":"Adnane Ma\u00e2laoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2775-6161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099530","display_name":"IPAG Business School","ror":"https://ror.org/00w56r274","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099530"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnane Maalaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["IPAG Business School, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IPAG Business School, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017353394","display_name":"Marina Dabi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8374-9719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marina Dabic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8374-9719","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055158022","display_name":"Sascha Kraus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4886-7482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171543936","display_name":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano","ror":"https://ror.org/012ajp527","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171543936"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sascha Kraus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics and Managment, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4886-7482","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Managment, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171543936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050930552"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I237446400"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.9534,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98601059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"10","first_page":"3553","last_page":"3570"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.8332672119140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.7401022911071777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-policy","display_name":"Privacy policy","score":0.7017244100570679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-by-design","display_name":"Privacy by Design","score":0.6294821500778198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-software","display_name":"Privacy software","score":0.6074844598770142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy-law","display_name":"Information privacy law","score":0.5795893669128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5265905261039734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.49601683020591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literacy","display_name":"Literacy","score":0.473821759223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-law","display_name":"Privacy law","score":0.4719967842102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personally-identifiable-information","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","score":0.4718893766403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4378288984298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.41844624280929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.25146621465682983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.24863362312316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.20461073517799377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.13963785767555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09480756521224976}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.8332672119140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.7401022911071777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.7017244100570679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.6294821500778198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509729295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246032","display_name":"Privacy software","level":3,"score":0.6074844598770142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78524284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031155","display_name":"Information privacy law","level":4,"score":0.5795893669128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5265905261039734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.49601683020591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.473821759223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141972696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1247836","display_name":"Privacy law","level":4,"score":0.4719967842102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.4718893766403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4378288984298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.41844624280929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25146621465682983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24863362312316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20461073517799377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.13963785767555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09480756521224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2021.3092702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2021.3092702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.39UBZ_INST:11305898610001241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9513653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.39UBZ_INST:11305898610001241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9513653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18446590","https://openalex.org/W23134535","https://openalex.org/W1087598847","https://openalex.org/W1545190392","https://openalex.org/W1592868655","https://openalex.org/W1708393801","https://openalex.org/W1855161596","https://openalex.org/W1870146437","https://openalex.org/W1968444823","https://openalex.org/W1970174926","https://openalex.org/W1984262440","https://openalex.org/W1985943329","https://openalex.org/W1995452781","https://openalex.org/W1999184524","https://openalex.org/W2002787959","https://openalex.org/W2007690016","https://openalex.org/W2014464121","https://openalex.org/W2016368325","https://openalex.org/W2024424453","https://openalex.org/W2024782795","https://openalex.org/W2036286075","https://openalex.org/W2044295972","https://openalex.org/W2045097676","https://openalex.org/W2045468017","https://openalex.org/W2047915874","https://openalex.org/W2061548714","https://openalex.org/W2065311781","https://openalex.org/W2073396684","https://openalex.org/W2075398096","https://openalex.org/W2076784951","https://openalex.org/W2102234166","https://openalex.org/W2102303925","https://openalex.org/W2102652157","https://openalex.org/W2105066016","https://openalex.org/W2109813322","https://openalex.org/W2111589509","https://openalex.org/W2112238177","https://openalex.org/W2119796344","https://openalex.org/W2132024542","https://openalex.org/W2132323118","https://openalex.org/W2143391962","https://openalex.org/W2143914272","https://openalex.org/W2144501061","https://openalex.org/W2150045067","https://openalex.org/W2154025786","https://openalex.org/W2154026978","https://openalex.org/W2155732497","https://openalex.org/W2156168774","https://openalex.org/W2162098160","https://openalex.org/W2163241745","https://openalex.org/W2164837021","https://openalex.org/W2166213223","https://openalex.org/W2212489839","https://openalex.org/W2284508705","https://openalex.org/W2288376631","https://openalex.org/W2294991531","https://openalex.org/W2343431740","https://openalex.org/W2416918403","https://openalex.org/W2468230762","https://openalex.org/W2499506767","https://openalex.org/W2507945590","https://openalex.org/W2548945789","https://openalex.org/W2575831860","https://openalex.org/W2590474087","https://openalex.org/W2603620149","https://openalex.org/W2611976839","https://openalex.org/W2621100923","https://openalex.org/W2739975067","https://openalex.org/W2761032822","https://openalex.org/W2783743744","https://openalex.org/W2793754788","https://openalex.org/W2886130191","https://openalex.org/W2890407330","https://openalex.org/W2892191716","https://openalex.org/W2894630186","https://openalex.org/W2923948669","https://openalex.org/W2924742241","https://openalex.org/W2965438782","https://openalex.org/W2974628780","https://openalex.org/W2986931944","https://openalex.org/W2991606812","https://openalex.org/W2997190080","https://openalex.org/W3004894017","https://openalex.org/W3007672810","https://openalex.org/W3012329162","https://openalex.org/W3012539654","https://openalex.org/W3021414776","https://openalex.org/W3029418492","https://openalex.org/W3035619052","https://openalex.org/W3035937678","https://openalex.org/W3088516289","https://openalex.org/W3121475420","https://openalex.org/W3153333394","https://openalex.org/W4234225671","https://openalex.org/W6637333182","https://openalex.org/W6724902956","https://openalex.org/W6729809509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2549995367","https://openalex.org/W2118333568","https://openalex.org/W2940702331","https://openalex.org/W2116878667","https://openalex.org/W2994243660","https://openalex.org/W2183636337","https://openalex.org/W3122237075","https://openalex.org/W2293730332","https://openalex.org/W4241527182","https://openalex.org/W2272742059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,168],"concept":[1],"of":[2,25,33,65,85,100,107,121,129,142,149],"privacy":[3,27,47,53,57,61,66,150,160,201],"concerns":[4,36,54,75,164,194],"is":[5,69],"a":[6,11,31,118,127,147],"debated":[7],"topic":[8],"both":[9],"at":[10],"European":[12,119,132],"level":[13],"and":[14,49,59,91,97,182,203],"in":[15,71,146,176,192],"individual":[16],"countries.":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19],"article,":[20],"we":[21],"investigate":[22],"the":[23,98,108,137,140],"role":[24],"online":[26,87,123],"literacy":[28,161,202],"(OPL)":[29],"as":[30,63],"determinant":[32],"Internet":[34,43,133,156,177],"users\u2019":[35,44,74,178],"about":[37,46,165,195,200],"their":[38,79,86,95,101,166,196],"privacy.":[39,167,197],"It":[40],"focuses":[41],"on":[42],"knowledge":[45,58,62,179],"rights":[48],"protective":[50],"strategies,":[51],"outlining":[52],"using":[55,89],"procedural":[56],"declarative":[60],"measures":[64,144],"literacy.":[67],"This":[68],"examined":[70],"relation":[72],"to":[73,78,126,136,185],"regarding":[76,180],"access":[77],"private":[80,102],"information":[81],"without":[82,94],"permission,":[83],"monitoring/surveillance":[84],"activities":[88],"cookies":[90],"other":[92],"tools":[93],"consent,":[96],"confidentiality":[99],"data":[103,187],"against":[104],"unauthorized":[105],"access/disclosing/sharing":[106],"data.":[109],"A":[110],"quantitative,":[111],"survey-based":[112],"empirical":[113],"approach":[114],"was":[115],"used":[116],"from":[117],"dataset":[120],"an":[122,174],"survey":[124,169],"administrated":[125],"sample":[128],"26":[130],"526":[131],"users.":[134],"Contrary":[135],"premise":[138],"that":[139,155,173],"adoption":[141],"privacy-protective":[143],"results":[145],"reduction":[148],"concerns,":[151],"our":[152],"findings":[153,170],"suggest":[154],"users":[157],"with":[158],"higher":[159],"reported":[162],"increased":[163],"also":[171],"reveal":[172],"increase":[175],"regulations":[181],"laws":[183],"pertaining":[184],"personal":[186],"protection":[188],"does":[189],"not":[190],"result":[191],"fewer":[193],"Policy":[198],"implications":[199],"future":[204],"research":[205],"recommendations":[206],"are":[207],"discussed.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-12T08:28:47.272897","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
