{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163646500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2021.3074310","title":"Understanding the Trends in Blockchain Domain Through an Unsupervised Systematic Patent Analysis","display_name":"Understanding the Trends in Blockchain Domain Through an Unsupervised Systematic Patent Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163646500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2021.3074310","mag":"3163646500"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2021.3074310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2021.3074310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007448332","display_name":"Gianluca Zanella","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Zanella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8417-6462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075616934","display_name":"Charles Zhechao Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Zhechao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-5734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001746807","display_name":"Kim\u2010Kwang Raymond Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007448332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1031,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95894003,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"6","first_page":"1991","last_page":"2005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9575999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9575999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.9531999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9182000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.7425448298454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6291259527206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6184109449386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5723093748092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5495783090591431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5289117097854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4953218996524811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.44913166761398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4474378824234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty","display_name":"Novelty","score":0.427114337682724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3807920217514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14171850681304932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.11853855848312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10256251692771912}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.7425448298454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6291259527206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6184109449386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5723093748092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5495783090591431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5289117097854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4953218996524811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44913166761398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4474378824234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.427114337682724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3807920217514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14171850681304932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.11853855848312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10256251692771912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2021.3074310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2021.3074310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8870360","https://openalex.org/W55204165","https://openalex.org/W1077658904","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1802055293","https://openalex.org/W1917788687","https://openalex.org/W1963588453","https://openalex.org/W1986135825","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W1997797506","https://openalex.org/W2000273237","https://openalex.org/W2006976223","https://openalex.org/W2008735451","https://openalex.org/W2009743158","https://openalex.org/W2012102139","https://openalex.org/W2028828604","https://openalex.org/W2033360254","https://openalex.org/W2038733593","https://openalex.org/W2040425686","https://openalex.org/W2040810008","https://openalex.org/W2041950556","https://openalex.org/W2043833768","https://openalex.org/W2052690514","https://openalex.org/W2053122903","https://openalex.org/W2062418945","https://openalex.org/W2075117036","https://openalex.org/W2076370288","https://openalex.org/W2078368867","https://openalex.org/W2080728354","https://openalex.org/W2083015995","https://openalex.org/W2093098531","https://openalex.org/W2099283206","https://openalex.org/W2109048244","https://openalex.org/W2115627867","https://openalex.org/W2144182447","https://openalex.org/W2146950091","https://openalex.org/W2294895850","https://openalex.org/W2418560495","https://openalex.org/W2512767030","https://openalex.org/W2528605693","https://openalex.org/W2544040176","https://openalex.org/W2593725966","https://openalex.org/W2604528753","https://openalex.org/W2624953603","https://openalex.org/W2747878338","https://openalex.org/W2748006193","https://openalex.org/W2757911951","https://openalex.org/W2782036776","https://openalex.org/W2790418303","https://openalex.org/W2804231115","https://openalex.org/W2807862198","https://openalex.org/W2896376638","https://openalex.org/W2898069736","https://openalex.org/W2898914484","https://openalex.org/W2901943454","https://openalex.org/W2904570740","https://openalex.org/W2912978522","https://openalex.org/W2914374206","https://openalex.org/W2914938116","https://openalex.org/W2916008479","https://openalex.org/W2918075593","https://openalex.org/W2920733725","https://openalex.org/W2921359895","https://openalex.org/W2921504034","https://openalex.org/W2929438235","https://openalex.org/W2943574610","https://openalex.org/W2945232659","https://openalex.org/W2953480947","https://openalex.org/W3100413542","https://openalex.org/W3121669807","https://openalex.org/W3121747242","https://openalex.org/W3123394243","https://openalex.org/W3124025042","https://openalex.org/W3124680412","https://openalex.org/W4231476871","https://openalex.org/W4245267204","https://openalex.org/W6600367688","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6640031523","https://openalex.org/W6742444236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W2499612753","https://openalex.org/W3111802945","https://openalex.org/W4283314094","https://openalex.org/W2946096271","https://openalex.org/W2295423552","https://openalex.org/W3107369729","https://openalex.org/W2184115898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patent":[0],"analysis":[1,54,65,120],"is":[2,84],"crucial":[3],"for":[4,41],"technology":[5,152],"monitoring,":[6],"forecasting,":[7],"and":[8,10,13,21,27,43,62,81,96,147,166],"assessment,":[9],"facilitates":[11,139],"entrepreneurs":[12],"different":[14,125],"stakeholder":[15],"groups":[16],"to":[17,66,86,101,141],"develop":[18],"forward-looking":[19],"technologies":[20],"business":[22],"strategies.":[23],"However,":[24],"the":[25,30,67,88,103,124,134,149,158,171,175,184],"speed":[26],"scale":[28],"in":[29,130],"development":[31],"of":[32,60,72,105,109,127,133,151,181,186,189],"disruptive":[33],"technologies,":[34],"such":[35],"as":[36],"blockchain,":[37],"present":[38],"a":[39,58,178],"challenge":[40],"analysts":[42],"experts.":[44],"In":[45,169],"this":[46,92],"article,":[47],"we":[48],"propose":[49],"an":[50,117],"unsupervised":[51],"systematic":[52],"patent":[53,68,135],"framework":[55,93],"that":[56,122,157,174],"applies":[57],"mixture":[59],"cosine-based":[61],"density-based":[63,97],"outlier":[64,98,160],"space.":[69],"A":[70],"sample":[71],"13":[73],"393":[74],"blockchain-related":[75],"patents":[76],"published":[77],"between":[78],"January":[79],"2014":[80],"June":[82],"2020":[83],"used":[85],"test":[87],"proposed":[89,159],"framework.":[90],"Specifically,":[91],"merges":[94],"cosine":[95],"detection":[99,161],"methodologies":[100],"improve":[102],"identification":[104],"outliers":[106,113,182],"within":[107],"clusters":[108],"patents.":[110],"The":[111,137],"identified":[112],"are":[114],"visualized":[115],"through":[116],"age-outlier":[118],"technology-opportunity":[119],"map":[121,138],"represents":[123,183],"levels":[126],"novelty":[128],"existing":[129],"each":[131],"cluster":[132,176],"sample.":[136],"companies":[140],"better":[142],"target":[143],"their":[144],"R&D":[145],"efforts":[146],"maximize":[148],"return":[150],"investments.":[153],"Benchmark":[154],"results":[155,172],"show":[156,173],"method":[162],"improves":[163],"recall,":[164],"precision,":[165],"f1":[167],"score.":[168],"addition,":[170],"with":[177],"higher":[179],"percentage":[180],"Internet":[185],"Things":[187],"applications":[188],"blockchain":[190],"technology.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-17T08:19:37.847499","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
