{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3029203974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2020.2988981","title":"Unblackboxing Smart Things\u2014A Multilayer Taxonomy and Clusters of Nontechnical Smart Thing Characteristics","display_name":"Unblackboxing Smart Things\u2014A Multilayer Taxonomy and Clusters of Nontechnical Smart Thing Characteristics","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3029203974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2020.2988981","mag":"3029203974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2020.2988981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2020.2988981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071239133","display_name":"Louis P\u00fcschel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54009628","display_name":"University of Bayreuth","ror":"https://ror.org/0234wmv40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louis Christian Puschel","raw_affiliation_strings":["FIM Research Center, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FIM Research Center, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070924923","display_name":"Maximilian R\u00f6glinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-4511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54009628","display_name":"University of Bayreuth","ror":"https://ror.org/0234wmv40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Roglinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["FIM Research Center, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-4511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FIM Research Center, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075846819","display_name":"Ramona Brandt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54009628","display_name":"University of Bayreuth","ror":"https://ror.org/0234wmv40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramona Brandt","raw_affiliation_strings":["FIM Research Center, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FIM Research Center, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87794839,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"5","first_page":"2129","last_page":"2143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.709229588508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.610584557056427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-objects","display_name":"Smart objects","score":0.5962930917739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.5513538718223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.47177791595458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.44687655568122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structuring","display_name":"Structuring","score":0.4432506859302521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-environment","display_name":"Smart environment","score":0.4286481738090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affordance","display_name":"Affordance","score":0.41835179924964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3311377167701721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.274331659078598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.11145180463790894}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.709229588508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.610584557056427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294986","display_name":"Smart objects","level":3,"score":0.5962930917739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5513538718223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.47177791595458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.44687655568122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.4432506859302521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152223200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055471","display_name":"Smart environment","level":3,"score":0.4286481738090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.41835179924964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3311377167701721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.274331659078598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.11145180463790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2020.2988981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2020.2988981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eref.uni-bayreuth.de:55282","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eref.uni-bayreuth.de/55282/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196442","display_name":"ERef Bayreuth (University of Bayreuth)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I54009628","host_organization_name":"University of Bayreuth","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Artikel in einer Zeitschrift"},{"id":"pmh:oai:null:publica/436911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/436911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45675771","https://openalex.org/W96156891","https://openalex.org/W107963254","https://openalex.org/W150531523","https://openalex.org/W574641061","https://openalex.org/W1487557448","https://openalex.org/W1497376763","https://openalex.org/W1499170180","https://openalex.org/W1504693860","https://openalex.org/W1531814668","https://openalex.org/W1581782493","https://openalex.org/W1624712119","https://openalex.org/W1727274110","https://openalex.org/W1963620879","https://openalex.org/W1966951118","https://openalex.org/W1975152892","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W1979519462","https://openalex.org/W1981428972","https://openalex.org/W1992025196","https://openalex.org/W1995560675","https://openalex.org/W2009885361","https://openalex.org/W2026736876","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2057720927","https://openalex.org/W2062188624","https://openalex.org/W2072754945","https://openalex.org/W2075763914","https://openalex.org/W2094276528","https://openalex.org/W2094343961","https://openalex.org/W2098181012","https://openalex.org/W2100408980","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2108752510","https://openalex.org/W2118587067","https://openalex.org/W2142781584","https://openalex.org/W2145216788","https://openalex.org/W2148060162","https://openalex.org/W2150539758","https://openalex.org/W2151020819","https://openalex.org/W2153233077","https://openalex.org/W2153932331","https://openalex.org/W2156236309","https://openalex.org/W2159373569","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2242638312","https://openalex.org/W2249595199","https://openalex.org/W2319660501","https://openalex.org/W2325255684","https://openalex.org/W2395013799","https://openalex.org/W2497532187","https://openalex.org/W2515891724","https://openalex.org/W2529046249","https://openalex.org/W2558091357","https://openalex.org/W2574735439","https://openalex.org/W2577956156","https://openalex.org/W2586976941","https://openalex.org/W2669238978","https://openalex.org/W2759867529","https://openalex.org/W2770984856","https://openalex.org/W2783298940","https://openalex.org/W2909681541","https://openalex.org/W2922263224","https://openalex.org/W2949646948","https://openalex.org/W3122712534","https://openalex.org/W4205687621","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4230220942","https://openalex.org/W4230787006","https://openalex.org/W4234535073","https://openalex.org/W4242401062","https://openalex.org/W4245436919","https://openalex.org/W4294141750","https://openalex.org/W6745346953"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011960536","https://openalex.org/W2290823982","https://openalex.org/W4242822881","https://openalex.org/W1906487804","https://openalex.org/W3119445591","https://openalex.org/W3022373757","https://openalex.org/W4328028022","https://openalex.org/W4312222631","https://openalex.org/W2067439530","https://openalex.org/W4236411141"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,9,26,58,88,96,117,134,147,154,162,181,194],"Things":[3],"(IoT),":[4],"which":[5,92],"describes":[6],"the":[7,27,79,94,101,107,115,148,160,176],"equipment":[8],"physical":[10],"objects":[11],"with":[12,167],"sensors,":[13],"actuators,":[14],"computing":[15],"logic,":[16],"and":[17,71,83,157,179,197],"connectivity,":[18],"has":[19],"attracted":[20],"much":[21],"attention.":[22],"Although":[23],"many":[24],"facets":[25],"IoT":[28,81,119,149],"have":[29],"already":[30],"been":[31],"explored,":[32],"existing":[33],"works":[34],"either":[35],"treat":[36],"smart":[37,60,90,97,111,136,155,163,182],"things":[38,98,112,156,164],"as":[39],"black":[40],"box":[41],"or":[42],"focus":[43],"on":[44,78,100,104,122,175],"their":[45],"technical":[46],"characteristics.":[47],"From":[48],"an":[49],"engineering":[50,185],"management":[51],"perspective,":[52],"however,":[53],"also":[54],"a":[55,73,84,131],"profound":[56],"understanding":[57,146],"nontechnical":[59,135,152],"thing":[61,137],"characteristics":[62,138,153],"is":[63],"key.":[64],"Hence,":[65],"in":[66,140,191],"this":[67],"article,":[68],"we":[69,125],"develop":[70],"evaluate":[72],"corresponding":[74],"multilayer":[75],"taxonomy":[76,108],"based":[77],"latest":[80],"literature":[82],"deliberately":[85],"broad":[86],"sample":[87],"200":[89],"things,":[91],"covers":[93],"diversity":[95,161],"available":[99],"market.":[102],"Based":[103,121],"11":[105],"dimensions,":[106],"enables":[109],"classifying":[110],"according":[113],"to":[114],"layers":[116],"established":[118],"architectures.":[120],"our":[123,145,189],"sample,":[124],"infer":[126],"five":[127],"clusters,":[128],"each":[129],"covering":[130],"typical":[132],"combination":[133],"occurring":[139],"practice.":[141],"These":[142],"results":[143,171,190],"extend":[144],"by":[150,158],"structuring":[151],"abstracting":[159],"into":[165],"artefacts":[166],"manageable":[168],"complexity.":[169],"Our":[170],"inspire":[172],"future":[173],"research":[174],"adoption,":[177],"affordances,":[178],"design":[180],"things.":[183],"Moreover,":[184],"managers":[186],"can":[187],"use":[188],"early":[192],"phases":[193],"product":[195],"development":[196],"process":[198],"reengineering":[199],"projects.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2020-06-05T00:00:00"}
