{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2775670358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2017.2773614","title":"Pricing and Benefit of Decentralization for Competing Supply Chains With Fixed Costs","display_name":"Pricing and Benefit of Decentralization for Competing Supply Chains With Fixed Costs","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2775670358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2017.2773614","mag":"2775670358"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2017.2773614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2017.2773614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074554450","display_name":"Tiaojun Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6815-1070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137056471","display_name":"Nanjing University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/031y8am81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137056471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiaojun Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Game Behavior and Operations Management, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China","School of Management and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Game Behavior and Operations Management, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137056471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078004739","display_name":"Tsan\u2010Ming Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3865-7043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsan-Ming Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business Division, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business Division, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032676950","display_name":"T.C.E. Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5127-6419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. C. Edwin Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3965,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92836,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"1","first_page":"99","last_page":"112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralization","display_name":"Decentralization","score":0.8832088708877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.6678121089935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-cost","display_name":"Fixed cost","score":0.6407482624053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.6266925930976868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.5740625262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.560897946357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.5503754019737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.5307721495628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.41499656438827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.38377121090888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.15145906805992126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-economy","display_name":"Market economy","score":0.13947376608848572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.8832088708877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.6678121089935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42866809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466764","display_name":"Fixed cost","level":2,"score":0.6407482624053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.6266925930976868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.5740625262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.560897946357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.5503754019737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5307721495628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41499656438827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.38377121090888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.15145906805992126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.13947376608848572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tem.2017.2773614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2017.2773614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154533451","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","issn_l":"0018-9391","issn":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/79680","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/79680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5043081793","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71425001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334953","funder_display_name":"China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G827843745","display_name":"\u4ea7\u54c1\u7ebf\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0e\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u535a\u5f08\u6a21\u578b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"71371093","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334953","display_name":"China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists","ror":"https://ror.org/01pab2602"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62978618","https://openalex.org/W103830171","https://openalex.org/W1489741075","https://openalex.org/W1518628689","https://openalex.org/W1568461532","https://openalex.org/W1966803531","https://openalex.org/W1972583977","https://openalex.org/W1981204434","https://openalex.org/W2008581871","https://openalex.org/W2015637564","https://openalex.org/W2030636715","https://openalex.org/W2031658718","https://openalex.org/W2044667792","https://openalex.org/W2045425449","https://openalex.org/W2047179134","https://openalex.org/W2059692012","https://openalex.org/W2084384325","https://openalex.org/W2090210964","https://openalex.org/W2094689674","https://openalex.org/W2105109159","https://openalex.org/W2109549012","https://openalex.org/W2115482408","https://openalex.org/W2125514116","https://openalex.org/W2146146207","https://openalex.org/W2164049461","https://openalex.org/W2313896093","https://openalex.org/W2551221362","https://openalex.org/W3122921320","https://openalex.org/W3123912221","https://openalex.org/W3124942957","https://openalex.org/W3125747142","https://openalex.org/W4242437890","https://openalex.org/W4252966141"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2186336397","https://openalex.org/W3140943723","https://openalex.org/W3125369811","https://openalex.org/W2481378325","https://openalex.org/W2330351317","https://openalex.org/W1512425042","https://openalex.org/W2358200898","https://openalex.org/W2010376978","https://openalex.org/W2562128730","https://openalex.org/W4283803785"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"develops":[2],"two":[3,18],"duopoly":[4],"game":[5,191],"models":[6],"to":[7],"explore":[8],"price":[9,39,43],"decisions":[10,26,40],"and":[11,21,33,41,79,101,108,116,154,182],"the":[12,23,28,38,46,63,91,102,110,122,128,139,144,160,163,183,189],"channel":[13,24,77,164],"benefit":[14],"of":[15,30,112,118,124],"decentralization":[16,48,56,75,81,130,168],"for":[17],"supply":[19,58,119],"chains,":[20],"investigates":[22],"structure":[25],"in":[27,159],"presence":[29,111],"fixed":[31,64,92,113,140],"marketing":[32,65,93,114],"manufacturing":[34,141],"costs.":[35],"We":[36],"give":[37],"discuss":[42],"distortion.":[44],"Under":[45,127],"downward":[47,167],"model,":[49,131],"our":[50],"analysis":[51],"reveals":[52],"that":[53,134,172],"first,":[54],"symmetric":[55,80,135,174],"improves":[57,76],"chain":[59],"profit":[60,165],"only":[61,176],"when":[62,138],"costs":[66,97,115],"are":[67,98,105,157],"high":[68,100],"or":[69,143],"product":[70,155,178],"substitutability":[71,156,179],"is":[72,87,148,169,180],"high;":[73],"second,":[74],"profit,":[78],"(i.e.,":[82],"both":[83,151],"manufacturers":[84],"use":[85],"decentralization)":[86],"an":[88],"equilibrium":[89],"if":[90,177],"(or":[94],"unit":[95,145],"production)":[96],"sufficiently":[99,106],"market":[103,152],"scales":[104],"small;":[107],"third,":[109],"asymmetry":[117],"chains":[120],"support":[121],"existence":[123],"asymmetric":[125],"equilibrium.":[126],"upward":[129],"we":[132],"find":[133],"outsourcing":[136,175],"emerges":[137],"cost":[142,147],"production":[146],"low":[149],"while":[150],"scale":[153],"large":[158],"supplier-led":[161],"setting,":[162],"under":[166,173],"higher":[170],"than":[171],"high,":[181],"sourcing":[184],"strategy":[185],"largely":[186],"depends":[187],"on":[188],"specific":[190],"sequence.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}