{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2081222213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/te.2012.2217967","title":"Using Robots and Contract Learning to Teach Cyber-Physical Systems to Undergraduates","display_name":"Using Robots and Contract Learning to Teach Cyber-Physical Systems to Undergraduates","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2081222213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/te.2012.2217967","mag":"2081222213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/te.2012.2217967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/te.2012.2217967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207741693","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Education","issn_l":"0018-9359","issn":["0018-9359","1557-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322189","host_organization_name":"IEEE Education Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322189","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Education Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082287066","display_name":"Tanya L. Crenshaw","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71578702","display_name":"University of Portland","ror":"https://ror.org/01q6pmm96","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71578702"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T. L. A. Crenshaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA","Sch. of Eng., Univ. of Portland, Portland, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71578702"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Eng., Univ. of Portland, Portland, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71578702"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082287066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71578702"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4629,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87716033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"1","first_page":"116","last_page":"120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.9248999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.9175009727478027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.7789273262023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7256782054901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chassis","display_name":"Chassis","score":0.71433424949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6341041922569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5943048000335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5517117381095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-based-learning","display_name":"Project-based learning","score":0.45004427433013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-robotics","display_name":"Educational robotics","score":0.43062499165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.42075300216674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.38798195123672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3671603798866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33242660760879517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.1687750220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16840746998786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.09729310870170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08750388026237488}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.9175009727478027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.7789273262023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7256782054901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512993513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068107","display_name":"Chassis","level":2,"score":0.71433424949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6341041922569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5943048000335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5517117381095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779825147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753447","display_name":"Project-based learning","level":2,"score":0.45004427433013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183889225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341299","display_name":"Educational robotics","level":4,"score":0.43062499165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.42075300216674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.38798195123672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3671603798866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33242660760879517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.1687750220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16840746998786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09729310870170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08750388026237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/te.2012.2217967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/te.2012.2217967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207741693","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Education","issn_l":"0018-9359","issn":["0018-9359","1557-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322189","host_organization_name":"IEEE Education Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322189","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Education Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87635799","https://openalex.org/W130230426","https://openalex.org/W148914678","https://openalex.org/W1502806252","https://openalex.org/W1560643730","https://openalex.org/W1983809228","https://openalex.org/W2003065009","https://openalex.org/W2029186305","https://openalex.org/W2053430782","https://openalex.org/W2060461526","https://openalex.org/W2122914389","https://openalex.org/W2162705924","https://openalex.org/W2183956272","https://openalex.org/W2291900918","https://openalex.org/W2576972999","https://openalex.org/W6603557143","https://openalex.org/W6605322931","https://openalex.org/W6629916907","https://openalex.org/W6686098154","https://openalex.org/W6696284015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378268140","https://openalex.org/W2059239878","https://openalex.org/W2935843774","https://openalex.org/W2051851664","https://openalex.org/W2658066576","https://openalex.org/W3089038912","https://openalex.org/W3123953333","https://openalex.org/W2088421984","https://openalex.org/W2616809615","https://openalex.org/W2014112837"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-physical":[0],"systems":[1,8,30],"are":[2,31,37],"a":[3,42,62,86,93,106],"genre":[4],"of":[5,55,69,115,128,138],"networked":[6],"real-time":[7],"that":[9],"monitor":[10],"and":[11,21,85,110,125],"control":[12],"the":[13,67,97,101,113,123,129,136],"physical":[14],"world.":[15],"Examples":[16],"include":[17],"unmanned":[18],"aerial":[19],"vehicles":[20],"industrial":[22],"robotics.":[23],"The":[24,73,140],"experts":[25],"who":[26],"develop":[27],"these":[28,53],"complex":[29,56],"retiring":[32],"much":[33],"faster":[34],"than":[35],"universities":[36],"graduating":[38],"engineering":[39],"majors.":[40],"As":[41],"result,":[43],"it":[44],"is":[45],"important":[46],"for":[47,105],"undergraduates":[48],"to":[49,52],"gain":[50],"exposure":[51],"kinds":[54],"systems.":[57],"This":[58],"paper":[59],"describes":[60],"UPBOT,":[61],"robotics":[63,151],"testbed":[64,74,102],"hosted":[65],"at":[66],"University":[68],"Portland,":[70,71],"OR.":[72],"features":[75],"an":[76,81],"extensible":[77],"robot":[78],"built":[79],"from":[80],"iRobot":[82],"Create":[83],"chassis":[84],"computationally":[87],"powerful":[88],"embedded":[89],"system":[90],"equipped":[91],"with":[92],"wireless":[94],"card.":[95],"In":[96],"Spring":[98],"2012":[99],"semester,":[100],"was":[103],"used":[104],"course":[107],"project":[108,148],"designed":[109],"assessed":[111],"in":[112,147,150],"style":[114],"contract":[116],"learning.":[117],"Overall,":[118],"students":[119],"were":[120,133],"enthusiastic":[121],"about":[122],"hands-on":[124],"self-paced":[126],"nature":[127],"course,":[130],"but":[131],"some":[132],"concerned":[134],"by":[135],"level":[137],"freedom.":[139],"lessons":[141],"learned":[142],"may":[143],"inform":[144],"other":[145],"educators":[146],"design":[149],"education.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}