{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135169333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3673715","title":"Unveiling Deepfakes: A Frequency-Aware Triple Branch Network for Deepfake Detection","display_name":"Unveiling Deepfakes: A Frequency-Aware Triple Branch Network for Deepfake Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135169333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3673715"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2026.3673715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3673715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qihao Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8669-5412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qihao Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8669-5412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014920780","display_name":"Jiaxing Xuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxing Xuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101715620","display_name":"Zhenguang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7981-9873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenguang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7981-9873","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sifan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2828-0158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sifan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2828-0158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128963027","display_name":"Yutong Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutong Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Blockchain Technology (Beijing) Company, Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Blockchain Technology (Beijing) Company, Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128971636","display_name":"Zhaoyan Ming","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400573310","display_name":"Hangzhou City University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wck0s05","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400573310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoyan Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6766-4579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400573310","https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068056273","display_name":"Yingying Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingying Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5630-7271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105297718","display_name":"Kui Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-2591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"kui Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-2591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31364693,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"7440","last_page":"7453"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.8486999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.8486999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.01850000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm-design","display_name":"Algorithm design","score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-mail","display_name":"Electronic mail","score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.257099986076355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7498999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020028006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9158","display_name":"Electronic mail","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2026.3673715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3673715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3657713562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advanced":[0],"deepfake":[1,68],"technologies":[2],"are":[3],"blurring":[4],"the":[5,46,122,133,136,142,212,218,226,230],"lines":[6],"between":[7],"real":[8],"and":[9,15,27,36,100,131,184,193,200,207,229],"fake,":[10],"presenting":[11],"both":[12,190],"revolutionary":[13],"opportunities":[14],"alarming":[16],"threats.":[17],"While":[18],"it":[19],"unlocks":[20],"novel":[21],"applications":[22],"in":[23,127,211],"fields":[24],"like":[25],"entertainment":[26],"education,":[28],"its":[29,156],"malicious":[30],"use":[31],"has":[32,61,74],"sparked":[33],"urgent":[34],"ethical":[35],"societal":[37],"concerns":[38],"ranging":[39],"from":[40,171,189],"<italic":[41,47,240],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[42,48,241,260],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">identity":[43],"theft</i>":[44],"to":[45,84,97,121,147,159,167,220],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">dissemination":[49],"of":[50,135,144],"misinformation</i>.":[51],"To":[52],"tackle":[53,168],"these":[54,169],"challenges,":[55],"feature":[56,129,205],"analysis":[57],"using":[58],"frequency":[59,92,185,198,235],"features":[60,118,186,224],"emerged":[62],"as":[63],"a":[64,89,145,177],"promising":[65],"direction":[66],"for":[67],"detection.":[69],"However,":[70],"one":[71,87],"aspect":[72,112],"that":[73,80,116,180,247],"been":[75],"overlooked":[76],"so":[77],"far":[78],"is":[79,115,256],"existing":[81],"methods":[82],"tend":[83],"concentrate":[85],"on":[86,222,239],"or":[88],"few":[90],"specific":[91],"domains,":[93],"which":[94,216],"risks":[95],"overfitting":[96],"particular":[98],"artifacts":[99],"significantly":[101],"undermines":[102],"their":[103],"robustness":[104],"when":[105],"facing":[106],"diverse":[107,160],"forgery":[108],"patterns.":[109],"Another":[110],"underexplored":[111],"we":[113,165,175,202],"observe":[114],"different":[117,152,197,234],"often":[119],"attend":[120],"same":[123],"forged":[124],"region,":[125],"resulting":[126],"redundant":[128],"representations":[130],"limiting":[132],"diversity":[134],"extracted":[137],"clues.":[138],"This":[139],"may":[140],"undermine":[141],"ability":[143],"model":[146,219],"capture":[148],"complementary":[149],"information":[150,214],"across":[151,225],"facets,":[153],"thereby":[154],"compromising":[155],"generalization":[157],"capability":[158],"manipulations.":[161],"In":[162],"this":[163],"paper,":[164],"seek":[166],"challenges":[170],"two":[172],"aspects:":[173],"(1)":[174],"propose":[176],"triple-branch":[178],"network":[179],"jointly":[181],"captures":[182],"spatial":[183],"by":[187,196,233],"learning":[188],"original":[191,227],"image":[192,194,228,231],"reconstructed":[195,232],"channels,":[199],"(2)":[201],"mathematically":[203],"derive":[204],"decoupling":[206],"fusion":[208],"losses":[209],"grounded":[210],"mutual":[213],"theory,":[215],"enhances":[217],"focus":[221],"task-relevant":[223],"channels.":[236],"Extensive":[237],"experiments":[238],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">six</i>":[242],"large-scale":[243],"benchmark":[244],"datasets":[245],"demonstrate":[246],"our":[248],"method":[249],"consistently":[250],"achieves":[251],"state-of-the-art":[252],"performance.":[253],"Our":[254],"code":[255],"released":[257],"at":[258],"<uri":[259],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/injooker/Unveiling_Deepfake</uri>.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-03-14T00:00:00"}
