{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124131611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3654053","title":"ARC-CBDC: Enhancing Anonymity and Regulatory Compliance in Central Bank Digital Currency","display_name":"ARC-CBDC: Enhancing Anonymity and Regulatory Compliance in Central Bank Digital Currency","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124131611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3654053"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2026.3654053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3654053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049157422","display_name":"Yunke Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunke Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen&#x2019;s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen&#x2019;s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033931001","display_name":"Jianbing Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-0883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbing Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen&#x2019;s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-0883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen&#x2019;s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123015717","display_name":"Mohammad Zulkernine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Zulkernine","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Queen&#x2019;s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1697-4101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Queen&#x2019;s University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03284094,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"5371","last_page":"5386"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9085000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9085000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.0272000003606081,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12878","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"Digital currency","score":0.7246999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.7006999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-cash","display_name":"Electronic cash","score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-third-party","display_name":"Trusted third party","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/currency","display_name":"Currency","score":0.40049999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.7246999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.701200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.7006999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5583999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778522442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326122","display_name":"Electronic cash","level":3,"score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139089976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142273","display_name":"Trusted third party","level":2,"score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141121606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142","display_name":"Currency","level":2,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992735868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66344","display_name":"Central bank","level":3,"score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122941539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Electronic money","level":3,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164516710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166072","display_name":"Financial transaction","level":3,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112083","display_name":"Virtual currency","level":3,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2026.3654053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3654053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154851090","https://openalex.org/W1492286252","https://openalex.org/W1574149717","https://openalex.org/W1577274403","https://openalex.org/W1601001795","https://openalex.org/W1627776661","https://openalex.org/W2038517014","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2085751410","https://openalex.org/W2105685537","https://openalex.org/W2127612127","https://openalex.org/W2129769253","https://openalex.org/W2286159801","https://openalex.org/W2414847921","https://openalex.org/W2544710688","https://openalex.org/W2563871999","https://openalex.org/W2594717041","https://openalex.org/W2616239328","https://openalex.org/W2788757920","https://openalex.org/W2794643813","https://openalex.org/W2893405045","https://openalex.org/W2900943990","https://openalex.org/W2903860032","https://openalex.org/W2917310068","https://openalex.org/W2931916182","https://openalex.org/W2947183219","https://openalex.org/W2955349104","https://openalex.org/W2959562264","https://openalex.org/W3047794938","https://openalex.org/W3100486899","https://openalex.org/W3125658236","https://openalex.org/W3132864338","https://openalex.org/W3153535188","https://openalex.org/W3158193279","https://openalex.org/W3180647309","https://openalex.org/W3204593297","https://openalex.org/W3209757816","https://openalex.org/W4205532076","https://openalex.org/W4206666877","https://openalex.org/W4210795501","https://openalex.org/W4226322297","https://openalex.org/W4312983494","https://openalex.org/W4384519004","https://openalex.org/W4400035832","https://openalex.org/W4400382049","https://openalex.org/W4406110897","https://openalex.org/W4406322653","https://openalex.org/W4410087466","https://openalex.org/W4411202957"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,189],"propose":[4],"a":[5,15,110,116,213],"novel":[6,173],"Central":[7],"Bank":[8],"Digital":[9],"Currency":[10],"(CBDC)":[11],"system":[12],"based":[13],"on":[14,197,212],"two-tier":[16],"architecture,":[17],"named":[18],"ARC-CBDC,":[19],"where":[20],"the":[21,39,121,129,132,146,192],"central":[22,122,133,147],"bank":[23,84,123,134,148],"issues":[24],"digital":[25],"currency":[26],"to":[27,55,67,108,175],"commercial":[28,62,104,126],"banks,":[29,63],"which":[30],"in":[31,170],"turn":[32],"manage":[33],"transactions":[34],"among":[35],"anonymous":[36],"users":[37,81],"throughout":[38],"currency's":[40],"lifecycle.":[41],"Unlike":[42],"existing":[43],"systems":[44],"that":[45,103,191,202],"offer":[46],"only":[47,113],"conditional":[48],"anonymity,":[49,59],"ARC-CBDC":[50,101,162,195],"extends":[51],"traditional":[52],"electronic":[53],"cash":[54],"provide":[56],"full":[57,180],"user":[58],"even":[60],"against":[61],"despite":[64],"their":[65,94],"ability":[66],"observe":[68],"coin":[69,136],"accumulation":[70],"during":[71,75],"withdrawals":[72],"and":[73,88,124,138,157,179,186,201,207,219],"reductions":[74],"deposits.":[76],"By":[77],"utilizing":[78],"BBS+":[79],"signatures,":[80],"can":[82],"open":[83],"accounts,":[85],"withdraw":[86],"coins,":[87],"deposit":[89],"received":[90],"coins":[91],"without":[92],"revealing":[93],"real":[95],"identities.":[96],"A":[97],"distinctive":[98],"feature":[99],"of":[100,152,159,194,215],"is":[102,163,204],"banks":[105],"are":[106],"allowed":[107],"modify":[109],"recorded":[111],"transaction":[112],"once":[114],"within":[115],"permissioned":[117],"blockchain":[118],"shared":[119],"between":[120],"participating":[125],"banks.":[127],"As":[128],"trusted":[130],"authority,":[131],"handles":[135],"issuance":[137],"enforces":[139],"financial":[140],"regulations.":[141],"To":[142],"prevent":[143],"double":[144],"spending,":[145],"performs":[149],"batch":[150],"verification":[151],"transactions,":[153],"enabling":[154],"efficient":[155,206],"detection":[156],"tracing":[158],"double-spent":[160],"coins.":[161],"specifically":[164],"designed":[165],"with":[166],"CBDC":[167],"architectural":[168],"requirements":[169],"mind,":[171],"introducing":[172],"mechanisms":[174],"support":[176],"strong":[177],"anonymity":[178],"traceability.":[181],"Through":[182],"formal":[183],"security":[184,193],"proofs":[185],"performance":[187],"analysis,":[188],"demonstrate":[190],"relies":[196],"standard":[198],"cryptographic":[199],"assumptions":[200],"it":[203],"both":[205],"practical,":[208],"suitable":[209],"for":[210],"implementation":[211],"range":[214],"devices,":[216],"including":[217],"laptops":[218],"mobile":[220],"phones.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T06:05:50.897203","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}
