{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123361489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3651755","title":"FedWM: Data-Free Watermarking for Model Ownership Protection in Federated Learning","display_name":"FedWM: Data-Free Watermarking for Model Ownership Protection in Federated Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123361489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3651755"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2026.3651755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3651755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101322824","display_name":"Congyi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Congyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1727-1590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046057883","display_name":"Peizhuo Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2671-4314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peizhuo Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2671-4314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122848446","display_name":"Yuan Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8213-0441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008157855","display_name":"Xuejing Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1866-5828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuejing Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027504758","display_name":"Shengzhi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-9779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengzhi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-9779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122867858","display_name":"Kai Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5624-2987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100762340","display_name":"Yingjun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3910-4176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065015184","display_name":"Y. Peeta Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-1422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","display_name":"University of Oregon","ror":"https://ror.org/0293rh119","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjiu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Science Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-6988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0565902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"5135","last_page":"5149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.3950999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.3950999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.33309999108314514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.04349999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8335000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.727400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6952000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.6640999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.5974000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4636000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.42329999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8895000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8335000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.727400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6952000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.6640999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.5974000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5389000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4636000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2026.3651755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2026.3651755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5541525046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92270204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5788221032","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202064","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8872547108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24A20236","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"widespread":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3],"federated":[4,84],"learning":[5,19,85,184],"has":[6],"been":[7],"driven":[8],"by":[9,30,124],"growing":[10],"demands":[11],"for":[12,78,149],"privacy":[13],"protection":[14],"in":[15,83],"model":[16,28,44,178],"training.":[17],"Federated":[18],"enables":[20],"multiple":[21],"clients":[22,56],"to":[23,45,93,117,159,208],"collaboratively":[24],"train":[25],"a":[26,31,107,136,155],"global":[27,43],"coordinated":[29],"central":[32,48],"server":[33,49,90],"without":[34],"sharing":[35],"their":[36,81],"raw":[37],"data.":[38],"However,":[39],"when":[40],"distributing":[41],"the":[42,47,62,89,99,118,131,143,161,199],"clients,":[46],"faces":[50],"significant":[51],"security":[52],"risks":[53],"from":[54],"malicious":[55],"who":[57],"may":[58],"steal":[59],"and":[60,121,166,180,217],"misuse":[61],"model,":[63],"thereby":[64],"compromising":[65],"its":[66,214],"ownership.":[67],"While":[68],"existing":[69,209],"watermarking":[70,110,132,204],"techniques":[71],"typically":[72],"rely":[73],"on":[74,198],"main":[75,119,167,200],"task":[76,120],"data":[77,115],"ownership":[79],"protection,":[80],"application":[82],"is":[86],"limited":[87],"since":[88],"lacks":[91],"access":[92],"this":[94,103],"data,":[95],"which":[96],"remains":[97],"with":[98,146],"clients.":[100],"To":[101,129],"address":[102],"challenge,":[104],"we":[105,134,153],"propose":[106,154],"novel":[108],"data-free":[109],"method.":[111],"We":[112,169],"utilize":[113],"substitute":[114,144],"unrelated":[116],"improve":[122],"efficiency":[123],"filtering":[125],"out":[126],"redundant":[127],"samples.":[128],"optimize":[130],"process,":[133],"introduce":[135],"logits":[137],"alignment-based":[138],"optimization":[139,157],"strategy":[140],"that":[141],"uses":[142],"dataset":[145],"watermark":[147,164,192],"triggers":[148],"effective":[150],"embedding.":[151],"Additionally,":[152],"dynamic":[156],"algorithm":[158],"balance":[160],"trade-off":[162],"between":[163],"embedding":[165],"task.":[168,201],"comprehensively":[170],"evaluate":[171],"our":[172,203],"approach":[173],"across":[174],"four":[175,177],"datasets,":[176],"architectures,":[179],"three":[181],"mainstream":[182],"deep":[183],"tasks.":[185],"Our":[186],"experimental":[187],"results":[188],"demonstrate":[189],"nearly":[190],"perfect":[191],"performance":[193],"while":[194],"maintaining":[195],"minimal":[196],"impact":[197],"Notably,":[202],"method":[205],"proves":[206],"resistant":[207],"backdoor":[210],"detection":[211],"techniques,":[212],"establishing":[213],"effectiveness,":[215],"robustness":[216],"stealthiness.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}
