{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117256663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3648516","title":"Analysis of EM Side-Channel Leakage on an RO-PUF and Proposed Countermeasures","display_name":"Analysis of EM Side-Channel Leakage on an RO-PUF and Proposed Countermeasures","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117256663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3648516"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3648516","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3648516","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/422736","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094043715","display_name":"A. Casado-Gal\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1633-243X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104545","display_name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/01mqtzm43","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210104545","https://openalex.org/I4210147934","https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Casado-Galan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1633-243X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104545"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121246783","display_name":"Santiago S\u00e1nchez-Solano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104545","display_name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/01mqtzm43","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210104545","https://openalex.org/I4210147934","https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santiago Sanchez-Solano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0700-0447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104545"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121249626","display_name":"Erica Tena-S\u00e1nchez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104545","display_name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/01mqtzm43","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210104545","https://openalex.org/I4210147934","https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erica Tena-Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8905-5715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104545"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010237288","display_name":"Luis F. Rojas-Mu\u00f1oz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5568-1136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104545","display_name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/01mqtzm43","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210104545","https://openalex.org/I4210147934","https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis F. Rojas-Munoz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104545"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014057357","display_name":"F. E. Potestad-Ord\u00f3\u0144ez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4107-2396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104545","display_name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/01mqtzm43","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210104545","https://openalex.org/I4210147934","https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Eugenio Potestad-Ordonez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4107-2396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104545"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064200987","display_name":"Macarena C. Mart\u00ednez\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3025-5736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104545","display_name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/01mqtzm43","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210104545","https://openalex.org/I4210147934","https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Macarena C. Martinez-Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3025-5736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104545"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073626271","display_name":"Antonio J. Acosta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7934-9162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104545","display_name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/01mqtzm43","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210104545","https://openalex.org/I4210147934","https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio J. Acosta-Jimenez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7934-9162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM (CSIC / University of Seville), Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104545"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104545"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5723229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"4670","last_page":"4682"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9391999840736389,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9391999840736389,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.05040000006556511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.745199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.5763999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5194000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-security","display_name":"Physical security","score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.35580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.745199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.5763999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5194000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776157020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851598","display_name":"Physical security","level":2,"score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110406131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41349","display_name":"Smart card","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63361517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645805","display_name":"Hamming weight","level":5,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3648516","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3648516","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/422736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/422736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400616","display_name":"DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134820265","host_organization_name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/422736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/422736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400616","display_name":"DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134820265","host_organization_name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"Unclonable":[1],"Functions":[2],"(PUFs)":[3],"are":[4,25,39],"a":[5,26,34,49],"very":[6],"useful":[7],"resource":[8],"in":[9,29,109],"cryptography":[10],"with":[11],"many":[12],"applications":[13],"ranging":[14],"from":[15,45],"system":[16],"authentication":[17],"to":[18,56,95,119],"secret":[19],"key":[20],"generation.":[21],"Side-channel":[22],"attacks":[23],"(SCAs)":[24],"major":[27],"concern":[28],"any":[30],"physical":[31],"implementation":[32,47],"of":[33,48,64,79,99,102,111,114],"cryptographic":[35,66],"module,":[36],"and":[37,89,93],"PUFs":[38],"no":[40],"exception.":[41],"Electromagnetic":[42],"(EM)":[43],"leakage":[44,78],"the":[46,62,65,69,76,97,107,115,120],"ring-oscillator-based":[50],"PUF":[51],"(RO-PUF)":[52],"can":[53],"be":[54],"exploited":[55],"retrieve":[57],"sensitive":[58],"information":[59],"that":[60],"compromises":[61],"security":[63],"scheme":[67],"incorporating":[68],"PUF.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72,100],"paper,":[73],"we":[74,105],"analyse":[75],"EM":[77],"an":[80],"RO-PUF":[81],"implemented":[82],"on":[83],"FPGA,":[84],"highlight":[85],"its":[86],"main":[87],"vulnerabilities,":[88],"propose":[90],"alternative":[91],"countermeasures":[92],"architectures":[94],"mitigate":[96],"threat":[98],"type":[101],"attack.":[103],"Furthermore,":[104],"evaluate":[106],"cost":[108],"terms":[110],"area":[112],"overhead":[113],"proposed":[116],"implementations":[117],"compared":[118],"original":[121],"design.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-17T06:04:21.649783","created_date":"2025-12-25T00:00:00"}
