{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7116675689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3646640","title":"Hypnos: A Practical Power Side-Channel Attack via CPU Idle Time","display_name":"Hypnos: A Practical Power Side-Channel Attack via CPU Idle Time","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7116675689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3646640"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3646640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3646640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040198140","display_name":"Yusi Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0703-6479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusi Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0703-6479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100327327","display_name":"Xin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5647-2777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4185-7214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025464096","display_name":"Zihui Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0418-2342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihui Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0418-2342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120991706","display_name":"Ben Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120946553","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103188753","display_name":"Ziyuan Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4956-8377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyuan Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070946957","display_name":"Yinqian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7585-1075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinqian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7585-1075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77147295,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"7514","last_page":"7520"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.8788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.8788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.09960000216960907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idle","display_name":"Idle","score":0.8950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5630999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-management","display_name":"Power management","score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-core-processor","display_name":"Multi-core processor","score":0.5016000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timing-attack","display_name":"Timing attack","score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.38370001316070557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.8950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.795199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5630999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.516700029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778774385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4437810","display_name":"Power management","level":3,"score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.5016000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4805999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28420585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665075","display_name":"Timing attack","level":4,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4207000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149768029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509342","display_name":"Power budget","level":4,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71743495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845210","display_name":"Power analysis","level":3,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168292644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10860336","display_name":"Power optimization","level":4,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49154492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300","display_name":"Central processing unit","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55038917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q453979","display_name":"CPU core voltage","level":5,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983317576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853339","display_name":"Power demand","level":4,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146778888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836862","display_name":"Installation","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3646640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3646640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9248936772346497,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"demand":[2],"for":[3,79],"high-performance":[4],"computing":[5],"has":[6],"led":[7],"to":[8,38,59,108,138],"various":[9,120],"optimization":[10],"techniques,":[11],"but":[12],"these":[13,53],"advancements":[14],"have":[15,26],"also":[16],"raised":[17],"concerns":[18],"about":[19],"energy":[20],"consumption.":[21],"In":[22,83],"response,":[23],"processor":[24,37],"vendors":[25],"implemented":[27],"power":[28,43,80,94,142],"management":[29],"features.":[30],"On":[31],"x86-based":[32,98],"CPUs,":[33],"C-states":[34,55],"allow":[35],"the":[36,105,109,116,147],"enter":[39],"idle":[40,62,121,188],"states,":[41,54],"reducing":[42],"consumption":[44],"during":[45],"low":[46],"workloads.":[47],"While":[48],"users":[49],"cannot":[50],"directly":[51,127],"control":[52],"provide":[56],"an":[57],"interface":[58,111],"monitor":[60],"CPU":[61,130],"time,":[63],"offering":[64],"transparency":[65],"without":[66],"user":[67],"intervention.":[68],"However,":[69],"it":[70],"remains":[71],"unclear":[72],"whether":[73],"this":[74,84,124,136],"design":[75],"could":[76],"be":[77],"exploited":[78],"side-channel":[81,95],"leakages.":[82],"paper,":[85],"we":[86,151,158,191,204],"propose":[87],"Hypno,":[88],"a":[89,140,193],"new":[90,141],"type":[91],"of":[92,115,149],"software-based":[93],"attack":[96,196],"on":[97,186,197],"systems.":[99],"Our":[100],"key":[101],"observation":[102],"is":[103,126],"that":[104,164,176,184],"unprivileged":[106,132],"access":[107],"CPUIDLE":[110],"provides":[112],"fine-grained":[113],"observations":[114],"time":[117,125],"spent":[118],"in":[119,167],"states.":[122,189],"As":[123],"correlated":[128],"with":[129,200],"activities,":[131],"attackers":[133],"can":[134],"leverage":[135],"information":[137],"establish":[139],"side":[143],"channel.":[144],"To":[145],"demonstrate":[146,159,192],"viability":[148],"Hypnos,":[150],"conduct":[152],"three":[153],"end-to-end":[154],"case":[155],"studies.":[156],"First,":[157],"cross":[160],"core":[161],"covert":[162],"channels":[163,175],"operate":[165],"even":[166],"isolated":[168],"environments,":[169],"achieving":[170],"higher":[171],"transmission":[172],"rates":[173],"than":[174,182],"read":[177],"cpufreq":[178],"and":[179],"broader":[180],"applicability":[181],"methods":[183],"rely":[185],"uncore":[187],"Second,":[190],"website":[194],"fingerprinting":[195],"Google":[198],"Chrome":[199],"high":[201],"accuracy.":[202],"Lastly,":[203],"successfully":[205],"break":[206],"KASLR":[207],"within":[208],"3":[209],"minutes.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-22T00:00:00"}