{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7115907317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3645856","title":"Two-Server Offline/Online Private Information Retrieval With Small Client Storage","display_name":"Two-Server Offline/Online Private Information Retrieval With Small Client Storage","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7115907317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3645856"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3645856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3645856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1335-2040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1335-2040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anjia Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7958-6571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anjia Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7958-6571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dongxiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-6757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongxiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-6757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rongxing Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5720-0941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongxing Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5720-0941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xuemin Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-287X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemin Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-287X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79219713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"4323","last_page":"4339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.7714999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.7623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-information-retrieval","display_name":"Private information retrieval","score":0.682699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5978999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/file-server","display_name":"File server","score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secret-sharing","display_name":"Secret sharing","score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sublinear-function","display_name":"Sublinear function","score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.3869999945163727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8795999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.7714999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.7623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99221444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532069","display_name":"Private information retrieval","level":2,"score":0.682699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5978999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4373008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513349","display_name":"File server","level":2,"score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3087436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386603","display_name":"Secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.41190001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117160843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338652","display_name":"Sublinear function","level":2,"score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202477664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352449","display_name":"Client-side","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551230270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4368942","display_name":"Data retrieval","level":2,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18396474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465888","display_name":"Secure multi-party computation","level":3,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194739806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66221","display_name":"Computer data storage","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70061542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989016","display_name":"Distributed database","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152880691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146813","display_name":"Client\u2013server model","level":3,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179145077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5154130","display_name":"Communication complexity","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3645856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3645856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G920872055","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139740867","https://openalex.org/W1514221954","https://openalex.org/W2073346043","https://openalex.org/W2400700555","https://openalex.org/W2533357737","https://openalex.org/W2539273492","https://openalex.org/W2592974355","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2728826504","https://openalex.org/W2883089683","https://openalex.org/W2918752259","https://openalex.org/W2953916197","https://openalex.org/W2964277307","https://openalex.org/W2969419280","https://openalex.org/W2971100669","https://openalex.org/W3108285671","https://openalex.org/W3132125973","https://openalex.org/W3192142816","https://openalex.org/W4285154500","https://openalex.org/W4288057738","https://openalex.org/W4288057739","https://openalex.org/W4288057784","https://openalex.org/W4294891544","https://openalex.org/W4308633673","https://openalex.org/W4323519519","https://openalex.org/W4376639489","https://openalex.org/W4385654013","https://openalex.org/W4386450022","https://openalex.org/W4387546265","https://openalex.org/W4402263981","https://openalex.org/W4402264489"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,17,139],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,144,169,204],"propose":[4,170],"PIRS,":[5,18],"a":[6,19,29,146,171,206,216],"two-server":[7],"offline/online":[8],"private":[9],"information":[10],"retrieval":[11],"scheme":[12],"with":[13,61],"small":[14],"client":[15,20,44,81,119,201],"storage.":[16],"first":[21],"engages":[22],"in":[23,225],"an":[24,58,141],"offline":[25],"phase":[26],"to":[27,35,72,82,86,101,113,123,152,163,188,210,219],"preprocess":[28],"database":[30,52,115],"replicated":[31],"on":[32,199],"two":[33],"servers":[34,88],"generate":[36],"query-independent":[37],"hints.":[38],"Utilizing":[39],"the":[40,43,51,62,80,84,87,95,105,108,114,118,131,178,189,200,221],"pre-computed":[41],"hints,":[42],"then":[45],"securely":[46],"retrieves":[47],"any":[48],"record":[49],"from":[50,99],"without":[53],"exposing":[54],"its":[55],"index":[56],"during":[57],"online":[59,136,160],"phase,":[60],"server-side":[63],"computational":[64,166],"complexity":[65],"being":[66],"sublinear":[67,165],"for":[68,134,184],"high":[69],"efficiency.":[70],"Compared":[71],"state-of-the-art":[73],"schemes,":[74],"PIRS":[75,224],"distinguishes":[76],"itself":[77],"by":[78],"enabling":[79],"outsource":[83],"hints":[85,109,183],"instead":[89],"of":[90,107,180,223,227],"storing":[91],"them,":[92],"dramatically":[93],"reducing":[94],"local":[96],"storage":[97,198,231],"requirement":[98],"GB/MB":[100],"MB/KB,":[102],"given":[103],"that":[104,176],"size":[106],"is":[110],"directly":[111],"proportional":[112],"volume.":[116],"Specifically,":[117],"employs":[120],"secret":[121],"sharing":[122],"achieve":[124],"secure":[125,172],"hint":[126,133],"outsourcing":[127,142],"and":[128,157,173,214,230],"only":[129],"fetches":[130],"relevant":[132],"each":[135],"PIR":[137,161,186],"query.":[138],"such":[140],"environment,":[143],"introduce":[145],"new":[147],"technique":[148],"named":[149],"oblivious":[150],"switching":[151],"obfuscate":[153],"repeated":[154],"hint/record":[155],"accesses,":[156],"carefully":[158],"tailor":[159],"queries":[162,187],"guarantee":[164],"complexity.":[167],"Furthermore,":[168],"efficient":[174],"method":[175],"delegates":[177],"task":[179],"locating":[181],"appropriate":[182],"particular":[185],"servers,":[190],"thus":[191],"avoiding":[192],"costly":[193],"computations":[194],"or":[195],"extra":[196],"data":[197],"side.":[202],"Finally,":[203],"conduct":[205],"comprehensive":[207],"security":[208],"analysis":[209],"demonstrate":[211],"PIRS's":[212],"security,":[213],"develop":[215],"proof-of-concept":[217],"prototype":[218],"show":[220],"practicality":[222],"terms":[226],"computational,":[228],"communication,":[229],"overheads.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-12-19T00:00:00"}