{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417251806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3643323","title":"M&amp;M: Secure Two-Party Machine Learning Through Modulus Conversion and Mixed-Mode Protocols","display_name":"M&amp;M: Secure Two-Party Machine Learning Through Modulus Conversion and Mixed-Mode Protocols","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417251806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3643323"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3643323","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3643323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100692739","display_name":"Dong Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8299-224X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ye Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031440338","display_name":"Wenjie Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6341-9226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-jie Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101503542","display_name":"Xiaoyang Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4635-9831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078827448","display_name":"Kang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-4043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659367","display_name":"Jian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100692739"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21636852,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"4121","last_page":"4135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.41190001368522644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.41190001368522644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.23639999330043793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.1657000035047531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.7324000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5633000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5382999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.47859999537467957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8324999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.7324000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6245999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5958999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5633000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5382999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.25870001316070557}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3643323","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3643323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173953576","https://openalex.org/W1508764330","https://openalex.org/W1518622464","https://openalex.org/W1524288918","https://openalex.org/W1579771234","https://openalex.org/W1966731635","https://openalex.org/W1969009977","https://openalex.org/W1970848480","https://openalex.org/W2017464959","https://openalex.org/W2019891719","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2233233025","https://openalex.org/W2402235285","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2794685135","https://openalex.org/W2807792232","https://openalex.org/W2933303456","https://openalex.org/W2951626733","https://openalex.org/W2955088840","https://openalex.org/W2963106566","https://openalex.org/W2963752132","https://openalex.org/W2990885002","https://openalex.org/W3003532255","https://openalex.org/W3014044251","https://openalex.org/W3046380193","https://openalex.org/W3048468015","https://openalex.org/W3082205386","https://openalex.org/W3093021001","https://openalex.org/W3095923304","https://openalex.org/W3109688427","https://openalex.org/W3133749795","https://openalex.org/W3173250331","https://openalex.org/W3209723788","https://openalex.org/W4285299399","https://openalex.org/W4293783465","https://openalex.org/W4306890631","https://openalex.org/W4308633673","https://openalex.org/W4365935443","https://openalex.org/W4385679725","https://openalex.org/W4388857059","https://openalex.org/W4400382079","https://openalex.org/W4402263660","https://openalex.org/W4402263983","https://openalex.org/W4402264233","https://openalex.org/W4408750063","https://openalex.org/W4408750076"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Secure":[0],"two-party":[1,91],"machine":[2,142],"learning":[3,143],"has":[4],"made":[5],"substantial":[6],"progress":[7],"through":[8],"the":[9,55,80],"use":[10],"of":[11,29,54,82,126,155,165],"mixed-mode":[12],"protocols,":[13],"but":[14],"existing":[15],"approaches":[16],"often":[17],"suffer":[18],"from":[19],"efficiency":[20],"bottlenecks":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,35],"inherent":[24],"mismatch":[25],"between":[26],"optimal":[27,62],"domains":[28,64],"various":[30,90],"cryptographic":[31,58],"primitives.":[32],"In":[33],"response":[34],"these":[36,94],"challenges,":[37],"we":[38,105],"introduce":[39],"framework":[40],"M&M,":[41],"which":[42],"features":[43],"an":[44,124],"efficient":[45],"modulus":[46,63,68],"conversion":[47,69],"protocol.":[48],"This":[49],"breakthrough":[50],"enables":[51],"seamless":[52],"integration":[53],"most":[56],"suitable":[57],"subprotocols":[59],"within":[60],"their":[61],"with":[65,119],"a":[66,107,147],"minimal":[67],"overhead.":[70],"We":[71],"further":[72],"establish":[73],"new":[74],"benchmarks":[75],"and":[76,87,146,159],"practical":[77],"optimizations":[78],"for":[79,116,141,152],"performance":[81,99],"fundamental":[83],"primitives,":[84],"namely":[85],"comparison":[86],"multiplication,":[88],"across":[89],"techniques.By":[92],"incorporating":[93],"techniques,":[95],"M&M":[96],"demonstrates":[97],"significant":[98],"enhancements":[100],"over":[101],"state-of-the-art":[102],"solutions:":[103],"i)":[104],"report":[106],"<inline-formula":[108,127,132],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[109,112,128,133],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[110,113,129,134],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$6\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula":[111],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$100\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[114],"improvement":[115,149,161],"approximated":[117],"truncations":[118],"1-bit":[120],"error":[121],"tolerance;":[122],"ii)":[123],"average":[125],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$5\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[130],"(resp.":[131,139],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$4\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>)":[135],"reduction":[136],"in":[137,150,162],"communication":[138],"runtime)":[140],"functions;":[144],"iii)":[145],"25%-99%":[148],"cost-efficiency":[151],"private":[153,163],"inference":[154],"deep":[156],"neural":[157],"networks":[158],"50%":[160],"training":[164],"gradient":[166],"boosting":[167],"decision":[168],"trees.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T06:59:57.516163","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}