{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416798016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3638240","title":"NunChuck: A Two-Phase Chained BFT Protocol for Tolerating the Partitioning Attack","display_name":"NunChuck: A Two-Phase Chained BFT Protocol for Tolerating the Partitioning Attack","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416798016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3638240"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3638240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3638240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080412900","display_name":"Huimei Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4652-5075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huimei Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4652-5075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064369109","display_name":"Haixia Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-6701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haixia Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-6701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001431345","display_name":"Mingsheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0379-2343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingsheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102915576","display_name":"Jinling Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8507-2944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinling Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8507-2944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005138938","display_name":"Siyuan Leng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172637570","display_name":"National Grid (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04vdxde73","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172637570","https://openalex.org/I4210155979"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Leng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSG Digital Grid Group Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSG Digital Grid Group Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172637570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074329934","display_name":"Chunying Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunying Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33086398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"3584","last_page":"3596"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9537000060081482,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9537000060081482,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.021700000390410423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.8646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.5228999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.507099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.4717000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.3483000099658966}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8773999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.8646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6169000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5572999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.5228999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.507099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.4717000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775937380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1232589","display_name":"Replica","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167391956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401211","display_name":"Fault model","level":3,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3638240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3638240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1610688607","https://openalex.org/W1788452017","https://openalex.org/W1977019086","https://openalex.org/W2003214215","https://openalex.org/W2120510885","https://openalex.org/W2139359217","https://openalex.org/W2151426692","https://openalex.org/W2535029869","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W3016124762","https://openalex.org/W3153702261","https://openalex.org/W3181550025","https://openalex.org/W3184211864","https://openalex.org/W3199271403","https://openalex.org/W4287848954","https://openalex.org/W4312724280"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Popular":[0],"chained":[1,56,66],"Byzantine":[2],"Fault":[3],"Tolerant":[4],"(BFT)":[5],"consensus":[6],"protocols":[7,17],"adopt":[8],"a":[9,63,83,93,119],"pipelined":[10],"paradigm":[11],"to":[12,20,78,88,100],"achieve":[13],"efficiency.":[14],"However,":[15],"these":[16],"remain":[18],"vulnerable":[19],"critical":[21],"attacks,":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24],"forking":[25],"and":[26,76,91,113,124,136],"partitioning.":[27],"While":[28],"the":[29],"two-phase":[30,65],"commit":[31],"rule":[32],"can":[33],"prevent":[34],"forking,":[35],"it":[36],"often":[37],"requires":[38],"complex":[39],"or":[40],"expensive":[41],"view-change":[42,86],"mechanisms.":[43],"Moreover,":[44],"our":[45,148],"study":[46],"confirms":[47],"that":[48,69,97,131],"partitioning":[49,79],"attacks":[50],"are":[51],"feasible":[52],"in":[53,122,139],"many":[54],"existing":[55],"BFT":[57,67],"protocols.":[58],"This":[59],"paper":[60],"devised":[61],"NunChuck,":[62],"fully":[64],"protocol":[68],"ensures":[70],"linear":[71],"authenticator":[72],"complexity,":[73],"optimistic":[74],"responsiveness,":[75],"resilience":[77],"attacks.":[80],"NunChuck":[81,132],"employs":[82],"lightweight":[84],"certificate-based":[85],"mechanism":[87],"maintain":[89],"efficiency,":[90],"introduces":[92],"unified":[94],"message":[95],"structure":[96],"enables":[98],"leaders":[99],"make":[101],"progress":[102],"even":[103],"under":[104],"partitioned":[105],"network":[106],"conditions.":[107],"We":[108],"formally":[109],"prove":[110],"its":[111],"safety":[112],"liveness":[114],"properties.":[115],"Furthermore,":[116],"we":[117],"develop":[118],"prototype":[120],"implementation":[121],"Golang":[123],"conduct":[125],"extensive":[126],"evaluations.":[127],"The":[128],"results":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"consistently":[133],"outperforms":[134],"HotStuff":[135],"FastHotStuff,":[137],"particularly":[138],"adversarial":[140],"environments,":[141],"with":[142],"simulated":[143],"delay":[144],"analysis":[145],"further":[146],"corroborating":[147],"experimental":[149],"findings.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}