{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416706992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3637286","title":"FairRelay: Fair Off-Chain\u2009Incentives\u2009for\u2009Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks","display_name":"FairRelay: Fair Off-Chain\u2009Incentives\u2009for\u2009Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416706992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3637286"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3637286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3637286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031912520","display_name":"Yingjie Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-5427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjie Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","School of Cyber Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-5427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jingyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-4589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fintech Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Hong Kong","Fintech ThrustHong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-4589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fintech Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fintech ThrustHong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077992181","display_name":"Zifan Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zifan Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fintech Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Hong Kong","Fintech ThrustHong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fintech Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fintech ThrustHong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037642352","display_name":"Chao Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-8531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13805885","display_name":"Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/056e22e24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13805885"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology/College of Software, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","College of Computer Science and Technology/College of SoftwareNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-8531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology/College of Software, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology/College of SoftwareNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13805885","https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110562345","display_name":"Jianan Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1452-5252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianan Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","School of Computer ScienceShanghai Jiao Tong University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1452-5252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer ScienceShanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031931063","display_name":"Xinyi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0070-1707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34949971","display_name":"University of Jinan","ror":"https://ror.org/02mjz6f26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China","College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0070-1707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34949971","https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39679398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"3521","last_page":"3537"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.4424999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.4424999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.054099999368190765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.052799999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.3549000024795532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3637286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3637286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2398330959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372425","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4672776602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62572216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5044375712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5371332048","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62425205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G649695974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202290","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6552684626","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022a05020050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336578","funder_display_name":"Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Plan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336578","display_name":"Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Plan","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7678451","https://openalex.org/W1499934958","https://openalex.org/W1562226375","https://openalex.org/W1909324101","https://openalex.org/W2013613544","https://openalex.org/W2097845078","https://openalex.org/W2166670067","https://openalex.org/W2496543269","https://openalex.org/W2588220790","https://openalex.org/W2765986519","https://openalex.org/W2767101501","https://openalex.org/W2889906277","https://openalex.org/W2947736742","https://openalex.org/W2979341164","https://openalex.org/W2989202886","https://openalex.org/W3081251736","https://openalex.org/W3133710726","https://openalex.org/W3205542647","https://openalex.org/W3212276929","https://openalex.org/W4246092823","https://openalex.org/W4308643072","https://openalex.org/W4313546927","https://openalex.org/W4390490164","https://openalex.org/W4393186130","https://openalex.org/W4401508686","https://openalex.org/W4403863502","https://openalex.org/W4405181795","https://openalex.org/W4409656996","https://openalex.org/W4416549560"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Decentralized":[0],"Physical":[1],"Infrastructure":[2],"Networks":[3,114],"(DePINs)":[4],"utilize":[5],"token":[6],"incentives":[7],"to":[8,92],"construct":[9],"permissionless":[10],"physical":[11],"infrastructure,":[12],"but":[13],"face":[14],"challenges":[15],"in":[16,27,59,137,171],"ensuring":[17],"fair":[18,90],"compensation":[19,91],"for":[20],"resource":[21],"contributors.":[22],"Focusing":[23],"on":[24],"bandwidth":[25],"provision":[26],"decentralized":[28,32],"data":[29,64,82],"delivery,":[30],"existing":[31],"incentive":[33],"mechanisms":[34],"incur":[35,142],"prohibitive":[36],"on-chain":[37,135],"costs":[38,136],"or":[39,84],"employ":[40],"oversimplified":[41],"network":[42],"topologies.":[43],"We":[44,66],"propose":[45],"<italic":[46,52,55,60,72,97,132],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[47,53,56,61,73,98,133,166],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">FairRelay</i>,":[48],"a":[49],"protocol":[50],"enabling":[51,104],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">fair</i>,":[54],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">cost-efficient</i>":[57],"payments":[58,110],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">complex":[62],"multi-hop":[63],"delivery</i>.":[65],"design":[67],"two":[68],"cryptographic":[69],"primitives:":[70],"1)":[71],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Accountable":[74],"Multi-hop":[75],"Data":[76],"Delivery":[77],"(AMDD)</i>":[78],"guaranteeing":[79],"either":[80],"correct":[81],"receipt":[83],"verifiable":[85],"proof":[86],"of":[87],"misbehavior,":[88],"reducing":[89],"fee-for-secret":[93],"exchange;":[94],"and":[95],"2)":[96],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Enforceable":[99],"Accumulative":[100],"HTLC":[101],"(Enforceable":[102],"A-HTLC)</i>":[103],"atomic":[105],"settlement":[106],"across":[107],"multiple":[108],"off-chain":[109],"via":[111],"Payment":[112],"Channel":[113],"(PCNs).":[115],"FairRelay's":[116],"fairness":[117],"is":[118],"formally":[119],"proven":[120],"within":[121],"the":[122,154],"Universal":[123],"Composability":[124],"(UC)":[125],"framework.":[126],"Evaluations":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"that":[129],"FairRelay":[130,162],"achieves":[131,163],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">zero</i>":[134],"optimistic":[138],"execution.":[139],"Pessimistic":[140],"scenarios":[141],"constant-cost":[143],"disputes":[144],"(O(1)":[145],"complexity),":[146],"achieving":[147],"13.5%":[148],"lower":[149],"overhead":[150],"than":[151],"FDE":[152],"(CCS'24),":[153],"state-of-the-art":[155],"simplified":[156],"two-party":[157],"exchange":[158],"solution":[159],"(no":[160],"relays).":[161],"over":[164],"<inline-formula":[165],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[167],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$95\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[168],"encoding":[169],"efficiency":[170],"10-hop":[172],"transmissions.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-27T00:00:00"}