{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416286271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3633167","title":"CASPER: Contrastive Approach for Smart Ponzi Scheme Detecter With More Negative Samples","display_name":"CASPER: Contrastive Approach for Smart Ponzi Scheme Detecter With More Negative Samples","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416286271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3633167"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3633167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3633167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069876533","display_name":"Weijia Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0999-7934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijia Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0999-7934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101523731","display_name":"Tian Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6381-7657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6381-7657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Leyuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1179-4769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1179-4769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100656076","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-5324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036801346","display_name":"Tianqing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3411-7947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianqing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macao Special Administrative Region, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3411-7947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macao Special Administrative Region, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076576641","display_name":"Sheng Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-666X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-666X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780268","display_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9886-1412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9886-1412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44872658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"3147","last_page":"3160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.6474000215530396,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.6474000215530396,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.11969999969005585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.02199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6917999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6836000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"Digital currency","score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.3799000084400177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7452999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6917999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6836000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4293999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3633167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3633167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1594973751","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2336204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2766585573","https://openalex.org/W2789063661","https://openalex.org/W2891724828","https://openalex.org/W2899381463","https://openalex.org/W2968035976","https://openalex.org/W2985766090","https://openalex.org/W3133945430","https://openalex.org/W3136154164","https://openalex.org/W3177457598","https://openalex.org/W3178166777","https://openalex.org/W3183222930","https://openalex.org/W3203942433","https://openalex.org/W4206573979","https://openalex.org/W4210660460","https://openalex.org/W4226070699","https://openalex.org/W4309857254","https://openalex.org/W4387974945","https://openalex.org/W4392903976","https://openalex.org/W4393183768","https://openalex.org/W4398161031","https://openalex.org/W4400490065","https://openalex.org/W4400602207","https://openalex.org/W4404293760","https://openalex.org/W4406610709","https://openalex.org/W4408524120","https://openalex.org/W4408792051"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"evolution":[2],"of":[3,11,22,69,125,196],"digital":[4],"currency":[5],"trading,":[6],"fueled":[7],"by":[8,153],"the":[9,20,145,151,180,201,209],"integration":[10],"blockchain":[12,112],"technology,":[13],"has":[14],"led":[15],"to":[16,44,47,105],"both":[17,135],"innovation":[18],"and":[19,138,193],"emergence":[21],"smart":[23,27,36,107,126,197],"Ponzi":[24,28,51,98,108,198],"schemes.":[25],"A":[26],"scheme":[29,52,109],"is":[30,75],"a":[31,88],"fraudulent":[32],"investment":[33],"operation":[34],"in":[35,111,155,208],"contract":[37,127],"that":[38],"uses":[39],"funds":[40],"from":[41],"new":[42],"investors":[43],"pay":[45],"returns":[46],"earlier":[48],"investors.":[49],"Traditional":[50],"detection":[53,110,195,206],"methods":[54],"based":[55],"on":[56,61,144],"deep":[57],"learning":[58,91,117],"typically":[59],"rely":[60],"fully":[62],"supervised":[63],"models,":[64],"which":[65],"require":[66],"large":[67],"amounts":[68],"labeled":[70,162,169],"data.":[71,163],"However,":[72],"such":[73],"data":[74],"often":[76],"scarce,":[77],"hindering":[78],"effective":[79,123,192],"model":[80],"training.":[81],"To":[82],"address":[83],"this":[84],"challenge,":[85],"we":[86],"propose":[87],"novel":[89],"contrastive":[90,116],"framework,":[92],"CASPER":[93,119,143,171],"(Contrastive":[94],"Approach":[95],"for":[96,191,203],"Smart":[97],"detectER":[99],"with":[100,160,166],"more":[101,122],"negative":[102],"samples),":[103],"designed":[104],"enhance":[106],"transactions.":[113],"By":[114],"leveraging":[115],"techniques,":[118],"can":[120],"learn":[121],"representations":[124],"source":[128],"code":[129],"using":[130],"unlabeled":[131],"datasets,":[132],"significantly":[133],"reducing":[134],"operational":[136],"costs":[137],"system":[139],"complexity.":[140],"We":[141],"evaluate":[142],"XBlock":[146],"dataset,":[147],"where":[148],"it":[149],"outperforms":[150],"baseline":[152,181],"2.3%":[154],"F1":[156,174],"score":[157,175],"when":[158],"trained":[159],"100%":[161],"More":[164],"impressively,":[165],"only":[167],"25%":[168],"data,":[170],"achieves":[172],"an":[173],"nearly":[176],"20%":[177],"higher":[178],"than":[179],"under":[182],"identical":[183],"experimental":[184],"conditions.":[185],"These":[186],"results":[187],"highlight":[188],"CASPER's":[189],"potential":[190],"cost-efficient":[194],"schemes,":[199],"paving":[200],"way":[202],"scalable":[204],"fraud":[205],"solutions":[207],"future.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-17T00:00:00"}