{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416214647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3632510","title":"A Novel Framework of Semantic-Based Text Steganography","display_name":"A Novel Framework of Semantic-Based Text Steganography","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416214647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3632510"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3632510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3632510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035279134","display_name":"Jinshuai Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6293-1981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801345734","display_name":"China Academy of Engineering Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/039vqpp67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinshuai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China","Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6293-1981","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051750999","display_name":"Minhao Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9069-6053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minhao Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9069-6053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026392581","display_name":"Kaiyi Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0248-171X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiyi Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0248-171X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100602494","display_name":"Yue Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-590X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027896024","display_name":"Jiajun Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4434-6574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajun Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4434-6574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100768896","display_name":"Yongfeng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3825-2230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongfeng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Zhongguancun Laboratory and Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3825-2230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory and Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035279134"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801345734"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32936536,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"3085","last_page":"3100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.6211000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.5914000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-security","display_name":"Semantic security","score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberspace","display_name":"Cyberspace","score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.38909998536109924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.6211000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.5914000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204806902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2333581","display_name":"Semantic security","level":5,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781241145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204606","display_name":"Cyberspace","level":3,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163339463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484598","display_name":"CAPTCHA","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63435697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135","display_name":"Binary code","level":3,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90312973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449052","display_name":"Semantic data model","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88485024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054571","display_name":"Cepstrum","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193125573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449065","display_name":"Semantic interpretation","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3632510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3632510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4671166643","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62262002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6459320905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2336208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567714038","https://openalex.org/W2038047091","https://openalex.org/W2054289628","https://openalex.org/W2066021566","https://openalex.org/W2126134808","https://openalex.org/W2137276574","https://openalex.org/W2153844447","https://openalex.org/W2162174114","https://openalex.org/W2542146404","https://openalex.org/W2572263113","https://openalex.org/W2735673012","https://openalex.org/W2799743758","https://openalex.org/W2893556909","https://openalex.org/W2954811319","https://openalex.org/W2955883612","https://openalex.org/W2963444877","https://openalex.org/W2968192473","https://openalex.org/W2971140743","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3038374902","https://openalex.org/W3084404385","https://openalex.org/W3085519426","https://openalex.org/W3089083830","https://openalex.org/W3101022597","https://openalex.org/W3109254234","https://openalex.org/W3124604468","https://openalex.org/W3132914940","https://openalex.org/W3162663001","https://openalex.org/W3166051255","https://openalex.org/W3172226021","https://openalex.org/W3175755605","https://openalex.org/W3211484452","https://openalex.org/W3216451351","https://openalex.org/W4221141871","https://openalex.org/W4285189660","https://openalex.org/W4285294723","https://openalex.org/W4309269819","https://openalex.org/W4321484124","https://openalex.org/W4327808793","https://openalex.org/W4384787020","https://openalex.org/W4384948607","https://openalex.org/W4385488789","https://openalex.org/W4385756656","https://openalex.org/W4387835442","https://openalex.org/W4387969328","https://openalex.org/W4388283577","https://openalex.org/W4388660683","https://openalex.org/W4388998975","https://openalex.org/W4392902863","https://openalex.org/W4396778310","https://openalex.org/W4399556745","https://openalex.org/W4400229723","https://openalex.org/W4400620568","https://openalex.org/W4401043219","https://openalex.org/W4402980256","https://openalex.org/W4404783293"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text":[0],"steganography":[1],"helps":[2],"protect":[3],"citizens'":[4],"freedom":[5],"of":[6,143,151],"speech":[7],"and":[8,19,60,91,94,123],"privacy":[9],"in":[10,120,130],"cyberspace":[11],"by":[12],"constructing":[13],"innocent-looking":[14],"texts":[15],"to":[16,34,50,86,104],"evade":[17],"censorship":[18],"surveillance.":[20],"Existing":[21],"methods,":[22],"especially":[23],"generative":[24],"ones,":[25],"rely":[26],"on":[27],"delicate":[28],"character-level":[29,49],"manipulations,":[30],"making":[31],"them":[32,129],"vulnerable":[33],"failure":[35],"even":[36],"under":[37,140],"minor":[38],"alterations.":[39],"This":[40],"paper":[41],"introduces":[42],"a":[43,69,80],"novel":[44],"framework":[45,63],"that":[46,107,114],"shifts":[47],"from":[48],"semantic":[51,71,89,109],"space-based":[52],"information":[53],"hiding,":[54],"which":[55],"greatly":[56],"improves":[57],"improving":[58],"robustness":[59],"reliability.":[61],"The":[62],"comprises":[64],"three":[65,141],"phases:":[66],"preparation,":[67],"where":[68,79,96],"stable":[70],"space":[72],"is":[73],"designed":[74],"for":[75],"hiding":[76,121],"information;":[77],"embedding,":[78],"reversible":[81],"codebook":[82],"maps":[83],"binary":[84],"messages":[85],"semantemes":[87],"via":[88],"encoding":[90],"source":[92],"coding;":[93],"synthesis,":[95],"large":[97],"language":[98],"models":[99],"act":[100],"as":[101],"multi-agent":[102],"systems":[103],"produce":[105],"stegotexts":[106],"preserve":[108],"consistency.":[110],"Extensive":[111],"experiments":[112],"show":[113],"our":[115],"method":[116],"matches":[117],"state-of-the-art":[118],"techniques":[119],"capacity":[122],"text":[124,153],"quality,":[125],"while":[126],"significantly":[127],"surpassing":[128],"robustness-achieving":[131],"at":[132],"least":[133],"an":[134],"81.2%":[135],"higher":[136],"correct":[137],"message":[138],"rate":[139],"types":[142],"attacks.":[144],"These":[145],"findings":[146],"highlight":[147],"the":[148],"strong":[149],"potential":[150],"semantic-based":[152],"steganography.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-14T00:00:00"}