{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416113904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3631494","title":"PPTD: A Path Profiling-Based Threat Detection Method Toward Deployed Smart Contracts","display_name":"PPTD: A Path Profiling-Based Threat Detection Method Toward Deployed Smart Contracts","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416113904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3631494"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3631494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3631494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082144617","display_name":"Daojing He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-8128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daojing He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-8128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006170871","display_name":"Ding Ke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3349-9333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091879207","display_name":"Sammy Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-229X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sammy Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-229X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001746807","display_name":"Kim\u2010Kwang Raymond Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Cybersecurity, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Cybersecurity, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082144617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40429487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"3005","last_page":"3021"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.1941000074148178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.1941000074148178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.11760000139474869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.09449999779462814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.7121000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5631999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.5552999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immutability","display_name":"Immutability","score":0.47540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4302999973297119}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8141000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.7121000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5631999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5552999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776126399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3942906","display_name":"Immutability","level":3,"score":0.47540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C489000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747385","display_name":"Data flow diagram","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.2653000056743622}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3631494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3631494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4388910646","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376074","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071187684","https://openalex.org/W2108112890","https://openalex.org/W2133753482","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2960678361","https://openalex.org/W2963610883","https://openalex.org/W2964144608","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2973974458","https://openalex.org/W2974196887","https://openalex.org/W2985495886","https://openalex.org/W2989657022","https://openalex.org/W2997640974","https://openalex.org/W2999378142","https://openalex.org/W3003036212","https://openalex.org/W3035733952","https://openalex.org/W3096725945","https://openalex.org/W3098450669","https://openalex.org/W3119253238","https://openalex.org/W3128660473","https://openalex.org/W3156632946","https://openalex.org/W3159950740","https://openalex.org/W3196950643","https://openalex.org/W3198478013","https://openalex.org/W3214421193","https://openalex.org/W4205689130","https://openalex.org/W4206712151","https://openalex.org/W4207014042","https://openalex.org/W4210512194","https://openalex.org/W4211181447","https://openalex.org/W4238089251","https://openalex.org/W4239289337","https://openalex.org/W4285060547","https://openalex.org/W4292876772","https://openalex.org/W4306174826","https://openalex.org/W4384155618","https://openalex.org/W4389328643","https://openalex.org/W4391222241","https://openalex.org/W4394745749","https://openalex.org/W4396523209","https://openalex.org/W4405277834","https://openalex.org/W4407603945"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts":[1,20,131],"have":[2],"been":[3],"the":[4,55,62,85,92,153],"target":[5,32],"of":[6,29,57,78,137],"attackers":[7],"(e.g.,":[8,47],"identifying":[9],"and":[10,26,61,80,111,118,126,149],"exploiting":[11],"vulnerabilities).":[12],"Existing":[13],"countermeasures":[14],"for":[15],"detecting":[16,44,110],"threats":[17,46,60,148],"in":[18,43,159],"smart":[19,58,130],"include":[21],"symbolic":[22],"execution,":[23],"formal":[24],"verification,":[25],"fuzzing,":[27],"most":[28],"which":[30],"only":[31],"specific":[33],"known":[34],"threats.":[35,113],"However,":[36],"such":[37],"approaches":[38],"may":[39],"not":[40],"be":[41],"effective":[42],"unknown/unseen":[45],"those":[48],"without":[49],"predefined":[50],"vulnerability":[51],"patterns).":[52],"Building":[53],"on":[54],"principles":[56],"contract":[59,100,154],"immutability":[63],"property,":[64],"we":[65],"propose":[66],"a":[67],"path":[68,94],"profiling-based":[69],"threat":[70],"detection":[71,123],"(PPTD)":[72],"approach.":[73],"To":[74],"achieve":[75],"accurate":[76],"tracking":[77],"cyclic":[79],"acyclic":[81],"paths,":[82],"PPTD":[83,114],"combines":[84],"profiling":[86,95],"all":[87],"paths":[88,117],"(PAP)":[89],"algorithm":[90,97],"with":[91],"efficient":[93],"(EPP)":[96],"to":[98,146],"record":[99],"execution":[101],"paths.":[102],"This":[103],"incurs":[104],"lower":[105],"gas":[106],"overhead":[107],"while":[108],"effectively":[109],"preventing":[112],"obtains":[115],"legal":[116],"achieves":[119],"data":[120],"flow":[121],"level":[122],"through":[124],"fuzzer,":[125],"automatically":[127],"protects":[128],"vulnerable":[129,138],"from":[132],"threats,":[133],"avoiding":[134],"manual":[135],"modification":[136],"codes.":[139],"Specifically,":[140],"our":[141,160],"approach":[142],"is":[143,155],"also":[144],"designed":[145],"detect":[147],"prevent":[150],"attacks":[151],"after":[152],"deployed,":[156],"as":[157],"demonstrated":[158],"evaluations.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-11T00:00:00"}