{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7104008756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3628884","title":"Blockchain-Assisted Conditional Anonymous Authentication and Adaptive Tree-Based Group Key Agreement for VANETs","display_name":"Blockchain-Assisted Conditional Anonymous Authentication and Adaptive Tree-Based Group Key Agreement for VANETs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7104008756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3628884"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3628884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3628884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haowen Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9807-7185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328775524","display_name":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03893we55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haowen Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Technology), the Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Fashion and Data Governance, and the Zhejiang Provincial International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Cloud Computing Security and Data Aggregation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9807-7185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Technology), the Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Fashion and Data Governance, and the Zhejiang Provincial International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Cloud Computing Security and Data Aggregation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mingliang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6766-3706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328775524","display_name":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03893we55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingliang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Technology), the Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Fashion and Data Governance, and the Zhejiang Provincial International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Cloud Computing Security and Data Aggregation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6766-3706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Technology), the Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Fashion and Data Governance, and the Zhejiang Provincial International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Cloud Computing Security and Data Aggregation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jian Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0519-9058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328775524","display_name":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03893we55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Technology), the Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Fashion and Data Governance, and the Zhejiang Provincial International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Cloud Computing Security and Data Aggregation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0519-9058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Technology), the Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Digital Fashion and Data Governance, and the Zhejiang Provincial International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Cloud Computing Security and Data Aggregation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pandi Vijayakumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-8946"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pandi Vijayakumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, J.J. College of Engineering and Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-8946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, J.J. College of Engineering and Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sangman Moh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-3400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152238500","display_name":"Chosun University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zt9a375","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152238500"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangman Moh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-3400","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152238500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Q. M. Jonathan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5208-7975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Q. M. Jonathan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5208-7975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4454,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96750768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"2664","last_page":"2679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.3677000105381012,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.3677000105381012,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.2759000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.06400000303983688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-key","display_name":"Group key","score":0.7516999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6384999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-authentication","display_name":"Mutual authentication","score":0.5164999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudonym","display_name":"Pseudonym","score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-management","display_name":"Key management","score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4101000130176544}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8036999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777513581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611239","display_name":"Group key","level":3,"score":0.7516999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6384999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781221063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6944186","display_name":"Mutual authentication","level":3,"score":0.5164999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776021475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61002","display_name":"Pseudonym","level":2,"score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205009425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935662","display_name":"Forward secrecy","level":4,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17145767","display_name":"Trust management (information system)","level":2,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148408913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611269","display_name":"Group signature","level":4,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44871818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5154139","display_name":"Communication in small groups","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135530808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306713","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","level":5,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3628884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3628884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2351304197","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20465","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4218037261","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62441228","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8435820077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402446","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021669721","https://openalex.org/W2058242263","https://openalex.org/W2112348059","https://openalex.org/W2121247918","https://openalex.org/W2169194339","https://openalex.org/W2180055784","https://openalex.org/W2344672404","https://openalex.org/W2537351364","https://openalex.org/W2544274814","https://openalex.org/W2754791580","https://openalex.org/W2791023486","https://openalex.org/W2889020412","https://openalex.org/W2904379567","https://openalex.org/W2920780305","https://openalex.org/W2991607145","https://openalex.org/W3025816900","https://openalex.org/W3088323682","https://openalex.org/W4205204726","https://openalex.org/W4205383771","https://openalex.org/W4205705709","https://openalex.org/W4206784086","https://openalex.org/W4210576151","https://openalex.org/W4226070699","https://openalex.org/W4226192813","https://openalex.org/W4285251758","https://openalex.org/W4293057267","https://openalex.org/W4324134766","https://openalex.org/W4327661625","https://openalex.org/W4376456749","https://openalex.org/W4377971468","https://openalex.org/W4382119348","https://openalex.org/W4386108445","https://openalex.org/W4386565675","https://openalex.org/W4390570738","https://openalex.org/W4392523464","https://openalex.org/W4394595095","https://openalex.org/W4394910875","https://openalex.org/W4396712982","https://openalex.org/W4401633947","https://openalex.org/W4407010837","https://openalex.org/W4408280532","https://openalex.org/W4408508949"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicular":[0],"ad-hoc":[1],"networks":[2],"(VANETs),":[3],"considered":[4],"a":[5],"pivotal":[6],"component":[7],"of":[8,68,147,185],"intelligent":[9],"transportation":[10],"systems":[11],"(ITS),":[12],"are":[13],"susceptible":[14],"to":[15,29,60,104,128,139],"both":[16],"established":[17],"and":[18,40,85,110,125],"emerging":[19],"security":[20,169,176],"vulnerabilities.":[21],"However,":[22],"existing":[23,190],"authenticated":[24],"key":[25,55,88,155,161],"management":[26,44,118],"schemes":[27,57],"fail":[28,59],"provide":[30],"effective":[31],"conditional":[32,130],"anonymity":[33],"during":[34],"decentralized":[35,99],"authentication":[36,84,100,107],"process.":[37],"Meanwhile,":[38],"scalable":[39],"reliable":[41],"vehicular":[42,69,166],"pseudonym":[43,117],"is":[45,91,102,120,158],"absent,":[46],"resulting":[47],"in":[48,93,164],"potential":[49],"privacy":[50,131],"leakage.":[51],"Furthermore,":[52],"conventional":[53],"group":[54,87,154],"agreement":[56,89,156],"inherently":[58],"properly":[61],"accommodate":[62],"the":[63,81,97,115,136,141,151,175,179,183,186],"highly":[64],"dynamic":[65,165],"topological":[66],"characteristics":[67],"environments,":[70],"which":[71],"significantly":[72],"limits":[73],"their":[74],"practical":[75],"applicability.":[76],"To":[77],"address":[78],"these":[79],"challenges,":[80],"blockchain-assisted":[82],"anonymous":[83],"tree-based":[86,153],"design":[90],"proposed":[92,187],"this":[94],"paper.":[95],"Firstly,":[96],"pairing-free":[98],"mechanism":[101,134,157],"designed":[103],"enable":[105],"mutual":[106],"between":[108],"vehicles":[109],"roadside":[111],"units":[112],"(RSUs).":[113],"Secondly,":[114],"threshold-varying":[116],"system":[119],"designed,":[121],"leveraging":[122],"secret":[123],"sharing":[124],"smart":[126],"contracts":[127],"ensure":[129],"preservation.":[132],"This":[133],"utilizes":[135],"multi-RSU":[137],"consensus":[138],"recover":[140],"user's":[142],"real":[143],"identity,":[144],"enabling":[145],"traceability":[146],"malicious":[148],"entities.":[149],"Thirdly,":[150],"self-balancing":[152],"proposed,":[159],"optimizing":[160],"generation":[162],"efficiency":[163],"environments.":[167],"Crucial":[168],"requirements":[170],"can":[171],"be":[172],"satisfied":[173],"via":[174],"analysis,":[177],"whereas":[178],"performance":[180],"evaluation":[181],"substantiates":[182],"superiority":[184],"scheme":[188],"over":[189],"approaches.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-11-06T00:00:00"}