{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415593617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3621057","title":"Scaling Blockchain via Dynamic Sharding","display_name":"Scaling Blockchain via Dynamic Sharding","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415593617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3621057"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3621057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3621057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101482691","display_name":"Jianting Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-9716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianting Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-9716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075795671","display_name":"Zicong Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5689-382X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zicong Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5689-382X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052666042","display_name":"Xiaoyu Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9322-9060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9322-9060","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066482792","display_name":"Wuhui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4430-7904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wuhui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4430-7904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058268261","display_name":"Yufeng Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4528-1489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufeng Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4528-1489","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043464306","display_name":"Song Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9831-2202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9831-2202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.418313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"2257","last_page":"2274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9257000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9257000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.7373999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.642300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-scaling","display_name":"Dynamic scaling","score":0.5174999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.39640000462532043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7749000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.7373999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.642300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780500908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28405357","display_name":"Dynamic scaling","level":3,"score":0.5174999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45872418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318966","display_name":"Dynamic demand","level":3,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3621057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3621057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2872466068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172453","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8260103316","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472459","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520914943","https://openalex.org/W2001271834","https://openalex.org/W2007661053","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2114780662","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2724474800","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2748692995","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2774909858","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2807801894","https://openalex.org/W2890075093","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2909202584","https://openalex.org/W2913127416","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2963209633","https://openalex.org/W2964303100","https://openalex.org/W2966317260","https://openalex.org/W2981791693","https://openalex.org/W2982212956","https://openalex.org/W2982468232","https://openalex.org/W3002067100","https://openalex.org/W3015486462","https://openalex.org/W3039152299","https://openalex.org/W3047034512","https://openalex.org/W3047676083","https://openalex.org/W3117592049","https://openalex.org/W3154548150","https://openalex.org/W3170553340","https://openalex.org/W3175791793","https://openalex.org/W3198021757","https://openalex.org/W3207363501","https://openalex.org/W4308644267","https://openalex.org/W4366758143","https://openalex.org/W4386242146","https://openalex.org/W4391725259","https://openalex.org/W4391725311","https://openalex.org/W4392902538","https://openalex.org/W4399039741","https://openalex.org/W4404035344","https://openalex.org/W4405181178","https://openalex.org/W4406676907","https://openalex.org/W4408750173","https://openalex.org/W4409883477","https://openalex.org/W4411011616","https://openalex.org/W4411550981","https://openalex.org/W4413845013"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sharding":[0],"is":[1],"considered":[2,17],"a":[3,25,77,87,103,110,152,173],"promising":[4],"solution":[5],"for":[6,83,95,106],"scaling":[7],"blockchain":[8,69,84],"systems.":[9],"However,":[10],"most":[11],"existing":[12],"sharding":[13,26,64,85,115,124,150,166],"systems":[14],"have":[15],"not":[16],"the":[18,21,29,34,68,96,107,136],"dynamics":[19],"of":[20,31,38],"environment":[22],"when":[23],"making":[24],"strategy,":[27],"including":[28],"change":[30],"pending":[32],"transactions,":[33],"leaving":[35],"and":[36,40,48,61,72,79,90,99,168],"joining":[37],"participants,":[39],"malicious":[41],"attacks,":[42],"which":[43],"could":[44],"cause":[45],"performance":[46,71,98],"instability":[47],"security":[49,171],"issues.":[50],"To":[51,101],"address":[52],"it,":[53],"in":[54,86,151,172],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57,127],"propose":[58,76,128],"an":[59,92,129],"intelligent":[60],"efficient":[62],"dynamic":[63,88,140,149,174],"technology":[65],"to":[66,120,133,163],"advance":[67],"system":[70,97],"security.":[73,100],"We":[74],"first":[75],"formal":[78],"general":[80],"evaluation":[81],"framework":[82],"environment,":[89],"conclude":[91],"optimization":[93,108],"target":[94],"achieve":[102,156],"long-term":[104],"benefit":[105],"target,":[109],"deep":[111],"reinforcement":[112],"learning":[113],"(DRL)-based":[114],"approach":[116],"has":[117],"been":[118],"proposed":[119,148],"intelligently":[121],"make":[122],"optimal":[123],"strategies.":[125],"Next,":[126],"adaptive":[130],"resharding":[131],"protocol":[132],"efficiently":[134],"reduce":[135],"overhead":[137],"introduced":[138],"by":[139],"sharding.":[141],"Our":[142],"experimental":[143],"results":[144],"illustrate":[145],"that":[146],"our":[147],"simulation":[153],"testbed":[154],"can":[155],"2.8":[157],"times":[158],"transactions":[159],"per":[160],"second":[161],"compared":[162],"traditional":[164],"static":[165],"systems,":[167],"guarantee":[169],"high":[170],"environment.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-28T00:00:00"}