{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414871381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3616165","title":"AttackDeceiver: Anti-Spoofing Automotive Radar System Using a Phase-Shifted Interleaving Waveform","display_name":"AttackDeceiver: Anti-Spoofing Automotive Radar System Using a Phase-Shifted Interleaving Waveform","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414871381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3616165"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3616165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3616165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050328811","display_name":"Kai-Yi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7625-6678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaiyi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shengding Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2401-5221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengding Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064759536","display_name":"Yanlong Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7335-6452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanlong Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015275781","display_name":"Yanjiao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1382-0679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanjiao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China","College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-0918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering and the Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering and the Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050328811"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26674284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"1499","last_page":"1513"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11851","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Measurements","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11851","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Measurements","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleaving","display_name":"Interleaving","score":0.6699000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.6147000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.552299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.4702000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-systems","display_name":"Radar systems","score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.3330000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28034677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092530","display_name":"Interleaving","level":2,"score":0.6699000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.6147000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5752000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.552299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.4702000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984296375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar systems","level":3,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84236424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028695","display_name":"Fire-control radar","level":5,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161475128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6746448","display_name":"Man-portable radar","level":5,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139931591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029151","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","level":4,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143425610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3509293","display_name":"Air traffic control radar beacon system","level":5,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147345108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693040","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","level":5,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4134329","display_name":"Blanking","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3616165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3616165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7901110188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T2495254","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050982928","https://openalex.org/W2074254293","https://openalex.org/W2104071580","https://openalex.org/W2125518709","https://openalex.org/W2147640823","https://openalex.org/W2625862134","https://openalex.org/W2792919579","https://openalex.org/W2886216548","https://openalex.org/W2977461652","https://openalex.org/W3108136096","https://openalex.org/W3118893301","https://openalex.org/W3158530087","https://openalex.org/W3177000180","https://openalex.org/W3205572914","https://openalex.org/W3213786138","https://openalex.org/W4205563642","https://openalex.org/W4213447781","https://openalex.org/W4220799068","https://openalex.org/W4308068569","https://openalex.org/W4312746211","https://openalex.org/W4324007222","https://openalex.org/W4366493123","https://openalex.org/W4385080309","https://openalex.org/W4399128192","https://openalex.org/W4399951522"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Millimeter-wave":[0],"(mmWave)":[1],"radars":[2,27],"are":[3],"indispensable":[4],"components":[5],"of":[6,42,104,129,142],"safety-critical":[7],"advanced":[8,23],"driver":[9],"assistance":[10],"systems,":[11],"enabling":[12],"accurate":[13],"and":[14,88,100,156],"weather-resilient":[15],"environmental":[16],"sensing":[17,24,40],"for":[18],"autonomous":[19],"vehicles.":[20],"Despite":[21],"the":[22,39,102,140],"capabilities,":[25],"mmWave":[26],"remain":[28],"susceptible":[29],"to":[30,37,46,57,118],"adversarial":[31],"attacks,":[32,60],"where":[33],"malicious":[34],"users":[35],"attempt":[36],"distort":[38],"results":[41,138],"victim":[43],"radars,":[44],"leading":[45],"hazardous":[47],"driving":[48],"behaviors.":[49],"While":[50],"existing":[51],"anti-spoofing":[52,78],"techniques":[53],"have":[54],"been":[55],"proposed":[56],"mitigate":[58],"specific":[59],"they":[61],"may":[62],"be":[63],"ineffective":[64],"against":[65],"adaptive":[66,112],"adversaries.":[67],"To":[68],"address":[69],"this":[70],"critical":[71],"vulnerability,":[72],"we":[73,109],"introduce":[74],"AttackDeceiver,":[75],"a":[76,81,146,157],"novel":[77],"system":[79,97],"using":[80,133],"phase-shifted":[82],"interleaving":[83],"waveform.":[84],"By":[85],"comparing":[86],"range":[87],"velocity":[89,124],"estimates":[90],"from":[91],"two":[92],"independent":[93],"virtual":[94],"channels,":[95],"our":[96,143],"effectively":[98],"detects":[99],"mitigates":[101],"effects":[103],"spoofing":[105,113],"attacks.":[106],"In":[107],"addition,":[108],"proactively":[110],"counter":[111],"attacks":[114],"by":[115],"inducing":[116],"attackers":[117],"generate":[119],"false":[120,148],"targets":[121],"with":[122],"unrealistic":[123],"fluctuations.":[125],"A":[126],"compact":[127],"prototype":[128],"AttackDeceiver":[130],"is":[131],"realized":[132],"commercial-off-the-shelf":[134],"radar":[135],"kits.":[136],"Experimental":[137],"demonstrate":[139],"effectiveness":[141],"system,":[144],"achieving":[145],"remarkable":[147],"target":[149],"recall":[150],"exceeding":[151,163],"<inline-formula":[152,164],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[153,165],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[154,166],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$97.9\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[155],"significant":[158],"enhancement":[159],"in":[160],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[161],"ratio":[162],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\text{13.46}\\,\\text{dB}$</tex-math></inline-formula>.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}