{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7083842165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3615787","title":"Building Confidential Accelerator Computing Environment for Arm CCA","display_name":"Building Confidential Accelerator Computing Environment for Arm CCA","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7083842165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3615787"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3615787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3615787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3615787","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chenxu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-033X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-033X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kun Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1320-6389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1320-6389","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fengwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3365-2526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3365-2526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yunjie Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-4185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunjie Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-4185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kevin Leach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-3442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160740","display_name":"Integrated Software (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dp7m259","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Leach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-3442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Software Integrated Systems, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446","https://openalex.org/I4210160740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiannong Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-2529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiannong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-2529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhenyu Ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7763-1079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7763-1079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shoumeng Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9580-5395"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoumeng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9580-5395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tao Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhengyu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7682-1019"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengyu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7682-1019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"fwci":1.1245,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87639173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"1308","last_page":"1325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9581000208854675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9581000208854675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.828499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing-base","display_name":"Trusted computing base","score":0.6510999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.46619999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing","display_name":"Trusted Computing","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.3709999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.828499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147346212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5492632","display_name":"Trusted computing base","level":4,"score":0.6510999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.46619999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18131444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163585","display_name":"Memory protection","level":5,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3615787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3615787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/117541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/117541","pdf_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/117541/1/Wang_Building_Confidential_Accelerator.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3615787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3615787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G637702150","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7261537663","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24A6009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318398","display_name":"Ant Group","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080592089","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2315868086","https://openalex.org/W2525951180","https://openalex.org/W2613314374","https://openalex.org/W2623333128","https://openalex.org/W2625527027","https://openalex.org/W2625689039","https://openalex.org/W2789615882","https://openalex.org/W2899435347","https://openalex.org/W2914223029","https://openalex.org/W2930957133","https://openalex.org/W2934853022","https://openalex.org/W3015584356","https://openalex.org/W3159718887","https://openalex.org/W3160118092","https://openalex.org/W3189212399","https://openalex.org/W3205994385","https://openalex.org/W3213416239","https://openalex.org/W4214482727","https://openalex.org/W4255015421","https://openalex.org/W4280622459","https://openalex.org/W4281667652","https://openalex.org/W4293024088","https://openalex.org/W4308083853","https://openalex.org/W4308641861","https://openalex.org/W4313129540","https://openalex.org/W4360831757","https://openalex.org/W4372260654","https://openalex.org/W4388073594","https://openalex.org/W4388858468","https://openalex.org/W4407974266","https://openalex.org/W4411337221"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Confidential":[0,26],"computing":[1,65,99],"is":[2,82],"an":[3,13],"emerging":[4],"technique":[5],"that":[6],"provides":[7,179],"users":[8],"and":[9,15,42,49,143,164,172],"third-party":[10],"developers":[11],"with":[12,91,106,186],"isolated":[14,33],"transparent":[16],"execution":[17],"environment.":[18],"To":[19,111],"support":[20,96,182],"this":[21],"technique,":[22],"Arm":[23,88,101,137,184],"introduced":[24],"the":[25,113,132,146],"Computing":[27],"Architecture":[28],"(CCA),":[29],"which":[30],"creates":[31],"multiple":[32],"regions,":[34],"known":[35],"as":[36],"realms,":[37],"to":[38,59,85,116,125,139,155],"ensure":[39],"data":[40,104,141],"confidentiality":[41,142],"integrity":[43,144],"in":[44,136,152],"security-sensitive":[45],"tasks.":[46],"However,":[47],"hardware":[48,61,160],"firmware":[50],"supporting":[51],"confidential":[52,97,127,180],"accelerator":[53,92,98,114,128,181],"workloads":[54],"remain":[55],"unavailable.":[56],"Moreover,":[57],"due":[58],"incompatible":[60],"or":[62],"large":[63],"trusted":[64],"base":[66],"(TCB)":[67],"size,":[68],"existing":[69,87,108],"studies":[70],"for":[71,76,100,183],"protecting":[72],"acceleration":[73],"are":[74],"unsuitable":[75],"CCA's":[77,107,117],"realm-style":[78,118],"architecture.":[79],"Thus,":[80],"there":[81],"a":[83,120],"need":[84],"complement":[86],"CCA":[89,138,185],"capabilities":[90],"support.":[93],"We":[94],"presentCAGEto":[95],"CCA,":[102],"ensuring":[103],"security":[105,109,150],"features.":[110],"adapt":[112],"workflow":[115],"architecture,CAGEproposes":[119],"novel":[121],"shadow":[122],"task":[123],"mechanism":[124,135],"manage":[126],"applications":[129],"flexibly.":[130],"Additionally,CAGEleverages":[131],"memory":[133,153],"isolation":[134,154],"protect":[140],"from":[145],"strong":[147],"adversary.CAGEalso":[148],"optimizes":[149],"operations":[151],"mitigate":[156],"performance":[157],"overhead.":[158,188],"Without":[159],"changes,":[161],"we":[162],"design":[163],"implementCAGEon":[165],"two":[166],"types":[167],"of":[168],"accelerators:":[169],"Unified-memory":[170],"GPU":[171],"generic":[173],"FPGA.":[174],"Our":[175],"evaluation":[176],"shows":[177],"thatCAGEeffectively":[178],"moderate":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}