{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414229329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3610546","title":"Single Proof for Multi-Authentication: Decentralized Anonymous Functional Credentials Based on fNIZK","display_name":"Single Proof for Multi-Authentication: Decentralized Anonymous Functional Credentials Based on fNIZK","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414229329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3610546"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3610546","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3610546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093520772","display_name":"Tianyu Zhaolu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3996-5299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Zhaolu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082859576","display_name":"Huaqun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7254-6465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaqun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025668908","display_name":"Debiao He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2446-7436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debiao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093520772"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12699386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"703","last_page":"717"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9649999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credential","display_name":"Credential","score":0.8727999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5771999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.46639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-oracle","display_name":"Random oracle","score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-control","display_name":"Access control","score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.37950000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777810591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16861606","display_name":"Credential","level":2,"score":0.8727999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8533999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6425999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5771999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.46639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94284585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228184","display_name":"Random oracle","level":4,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18396474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465888","display_name":"Secure multi-party computation","level":3,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780746774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17014981","display_name":"Functional encryption","level":4,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.32919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180073179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3304359","display_name":"Secure channel","level":3,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44415380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008721","display_name":"Computer access control","level":3,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3087436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386603","display_name":"Secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131672422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852594","display_name":"Provable security","level":3,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94461902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2762418","display_name":"Formal proof","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3610546","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3610546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1303638838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62325209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2080849955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23B2002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4117558629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20466","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7876586153","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272238","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W827005847","https://openalex.org/W2031618446","https://openalex.org/W2077840813","https://openalex.org/W2089128139","https://openalex.org/W2094557617","https://openalex.org/W2100705134","https://openalex.org/W2102632861","https://openalex.org/W2104648615","https://openalex.org/W2395093458","https://openalex.org/W2795269573","https://openalex.org/W2911581644","https://openalex.org/W2964250737","https://openalex.org/W2977247807","https://openalex.org/W3010829453","https://openalex.org/W3094299549","https://openalex.org/W3136725518","https://openalex.org/W4308641862","https://openalex.org/W4382195294","https://openalex.org/W4385080297","https://openalex.org/W4385405602","https://openalex.org/W4385696607","https://openalex.org/W4389858292","https://openalex.org/W4400120484","https://openalex.org/W4401568040","https://openalex.org/W4403759026","https://openalex.org/W4407691625","https://openalex.org/W4408402784"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Web3":[0,34,66],"has":[1],"attracted":[2],"considerable":[3],"attention":[4],"in":[5,205],"fields":[6],"including":[7],"DeFi,":[8],"DApps,":[9],"and":[10,18,22,59,85,174,195,208],"NFTs":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,36,45,93,132],"its":[14,26],"decentralization,":[15],"enhanced":[16],"privacy,":[17],"user-centricity.":[19],"However,":[20],"interoperability":[21],"scalability":[23],"challenges":[24],"hinder":[25],"widespread":[27],"adoption.":[28],"While":[29],"deploying":[30],"anonymous":[31,76],"credentials":[32],"across":[33],"networks":[35],"enable":[37],"cross-network":[38],"service":[39],"access":[40,109,126,219],"is":[41,82,181],"a":[42,74,95,161],"potential":[43],"solution":[44],"these":[46,70],"challenges,":[47],"existing":[48,88],"credential":[49,60,78,152],"systems":[50],"remain":[51],"limited":[52],"by":[53],"centralized":[54],"management,":[55],"high":[56],"energy":[57],"consumption,":[58],"abuse,":[61],"making":[62],"them":[63],"unsuitable":[64],"for":[65,104,138,177],"environments.":[67],"To":[68],"overcome":[69],"limitations,":[71],"we":[72,159],"propose":[73,160],"decentralized":[75],"functional":[77,116,167,175],"(DAFC)":[79],"scheme":[80],"that":[81,190,200],"efficient,":[83],"privacy-preserving,":[84],"linkable.":[86],"Unlike":[87],"schemes,":[89],"DAFC":[90,191,201],"enables":[91],"users":[92],"generate":[94],"single":[96],"proof":[97,168],"embedding":[98],"attributes":[99],"<inline-formula":[100,118,128,134],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[101,119,129,135],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[102,120,130,136],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$x$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[103],"requesting":[105,212],"services":[106,216],"under":[107],"different":[108],"policies.":[110,220],"Each":[111],"provider":[112],"can":[113],"use":[114],"the":[115,182],"key":[117],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$sk_{F}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[121],"associated":[122],"with":[123,217],"their":[124],"respective":[125],"policy":[127],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$F$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[131],"extract":[133],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$F(x)$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[137],"attribute":[139],"verification.":[140],"This":[141],"significantly":[142],"reduces":[143],"authentication":[144],"computational":[145,207],"overhead.":[146],"Furthermore,":[147],"DAFC's":[148],"linkability":[149],"effectively":[150],"mitigates":[151],"abuse":[153],"risks.":[154],"As":[155],"an":[156],"additional":[157],"contribution,":[158],"novel":[162],"construction":[163],"of":[164,185],"non-interactive":[165],"zero-knowledge":[166],"(fNIZK)":[169],"based":[170],"on":[171],"one-out-of-many":[172],"proofs":[173],"encryption":[176],"inner":[178],"products,":[179],"which":[180],"building":[183],"block":[184],"DAFC.":[186],"Security":[187],"analysis":[188],"demonstrates":[189],"achieves":[192],"anonymity,":[193],"unforgeability,":[194],"linkability.":[196],"Performance":[197],"evaluation":[198],"shows":[199],"outperforms":[202],"prior":[203],"schemes":[204],"both":[206],"communication":[209],"overhead":[210],"when":[211],"at":[213],"least":[214],"6":[215],"distinct":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}