{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413966860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3605597","title":"Shortcuts Everywhere and Nowhere: Exploring Multi-Trigger Backdoor Attacks","display_name":"Shortcuts Everywhere and Nowhere: Exploring Multi-Trigger Backdoor Attacks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413966860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3605597"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3605597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3605597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101879293","display_name":"Yige Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9904-3611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yige Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Key Lab of Intell. Info. Processing, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Lab of Intell. Info. Processing, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104237400","display_name":"Jiabo He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151956","display_name":"Robert Bosch (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04my8ty22","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151956","https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiabo He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Research Asia Pacific &#x0026; Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence (BCAI), Shanghai, China","Bosch Research Asia Pacific &amp; Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence (BCAI), Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Research Asia Pacific &#x0026; Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence (BCAI), Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151956"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Research Asia Pacific &amp; Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence (BCAI), Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049209023","display_name":"Hanxun Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2793-6680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanxun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VI, Australia","School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VI, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429004","display_name":"Jun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3545-1392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078711649","display_name":"Xingjun Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2099-4973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingjun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Key Lab of Intell. Info. Processing, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Lab of Intell. Info. Processing, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047962986","display_name":"Yu\u2013Gang Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1907-8567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Gang Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Key Lab of Intell. Info. Processing, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Lab of Intell. Info. Processing, School of CS, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101879293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95357048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"343","last_page":"355"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9697999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.9674067497253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7536907196044922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6157381534576416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.9674067497253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7536907196044922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6157381534576416}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3605597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3605597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2327501763","https://openalex.org/W2753783305","https://openalex.org/W2807363941","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2934843808","https://openalex.org/W2970335439","https://openalex.org/W2986013765","https://openalex.org/W2990270730","https://openalex.org/W3042368254","https://openalex.org/W3090898103","https://openalex.org/W3106646114","https://openalex.org/W3107337211","https://openalex.org/W3114838227","https://openalex.org/W3152758407","https://openalex.org/W4214537185","https://openalex.org/W4214680449","https://openalex.org/W4313192591","https://openalex.org/W4378977033","https://openalex.org/W4390411907","https://openalex.org/W4399880762","https://openalex.org/W4401212199","https://openalex.org/W4402288683","https://openalex.org/W4402743996"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4320031223","https://openalex.org/W4200629851","https://openalex.org/W4281902577","https://openalex.org/W4309417370","https://openalex.org/W4292107232","https://openalex.org/W3009072493","https://openalex.org/W4401407399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Backdoor":[0,80],"attacks":[1,25,104],"have":[2,26,156],"become":[3],"a":[4,43,48,158],"significant":[5],"threat":[6],"to":[7,47,91,163],"the":[8,35,39,76,93,135,149],"pre-training":[9],"and":[10,22,33,67,98,112,130,169,173],"deployment":[11],"of":[12,78,89,102],"deep":[13],"neural":[14],"networks":[15],"(DNNs).":[16],"Although":[17],"numerous":[18],"methods":[19],"for":[20],"detecting":[21,168],"mitigating":[23,170],"backdoor":[24,61,142,160],"been":[27],"proposed,":[28],"most":[29,140],"rely":[30],"on":[31,167],"identifying":[32],"eliminating":[34],"\u201cshortcut\u201d":[36],"created":[37,157],"by":[38,58,153],"backdoor,":[40],"which":[41],"links":[42],"specific":[44],"source":[45],"class":[46],"target":[49],"class.":[50],"However,":[51],"these":[52,171],"approaches":[53],"can":[54,123],"be":[55],"easily":[56,133],"circumvented":[57],"designing":[59],"multiple":[60,84,121],"triggers":[62,90,122],"that":[63,119],"create":[64],"shortcuts":[65],"everywhere":[66],"therefore":[68],"nowhere":[69],"specific.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72],"study,":[73],"we":[74,117,155,174],"explore":[75],"concept":[77],"Multi-Trigger":[79],"Attacks":[81],"(MTBAs),":[82],"where":[83],"adversaries":[85],"leverage":[86],"different":[87],"types":[88,101],"poison":[92],"same":[94],"dataset.":[95],"By":[96],"proposing":[97],"investigating":[99],"three":[100],"multi-trigger":[103,159],"including":[105],"<italic":[106,109,113],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[107,110,114,188],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">parallel</i>,":[108],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">sequential</i>,":[111],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">hybrid</i>":[115],"attacks,":[116,172],"demonstrate":[118],"1)":[120],"coexist,":[124],"overwrite,":[125],"or":[126],"cross-activate":[127],"one":[128],"another,":[129],"2)":[131],"MTBAs":[132],"break":[134],"prevalent":[136],"shortcut":[137],"assumption":[138],"underlying":[139],"existing":[141],"detection/removal":[143],"methods,":[144],"rendering":[145],"them":[146],"ineffective.":[147],"Given":[148],"security":[150],"risk":[151],"posed":[152],"MTBAs,":[154],"poisoning":[161],"dataset":[162],"facilitate":[164],"future":[165],"research":[166],"also":[175],"discuss":[176],"potential":[177],"defense":[178],"strategies":[179],"against":[180],"MTBAs.":[181],"Our":[182],"code":[183],"is":[184],"available":[185],"at":[186],"<uri":[187],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/bboylyg/Multi-Trigger-Backdoor-Attacks</uri>.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-01-19T04:01:09.351973","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
