{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413277616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3599004","title":"Prompt Engineering-Assisted Malware Dynamic Analysis Using GPT-4","display_name":"Prompt Engineering-Assisted Malware Dynamic Analysis Using GPT-4","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413277616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3599004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3599004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3599004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pei Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Media Security, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Media Security, Shenzhen University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Media Security, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Media Security, Shenzhen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023503629","display_name":"Shunquan Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-3691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152380","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482657","display_name":"Shenzhen MSU-BIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q963474","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunquan Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Laboratory of Machine Perception and Intelligent Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China","Guangdong Laboratory of Machine Perception and Intelligent Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-3691","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Laboratory of Machine Perception and Intelligent Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Laboratory of Machine Perception and Intelligent Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080596209","display_name":"Miaohui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1125-9299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miaohui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Media Security, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Media Security, Shenzhen University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1125-9299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Media Security, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Media Security, Shenzhen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047964483","display_name":"Jiwu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7625-5689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152380","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482657","display_name":"Shenzhen MSU-BIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q963474","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Laboratory of Machine Perception and Intelligent Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China","Guangdong Laboratory of Machine Perception and Intelligent Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7625-5689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Laboratory of Machine Perception and Intelligent Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Laboratory of Machine Perception and Intelligent Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2702,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9278214,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"7712","last_page":"7728"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9397000074386597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7026926279067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.6777731776237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-analysis","display_name":"Malware analysis","score":0.459117591381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3600373864173889}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7026926279067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.6777731776237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779395397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15731404","display_name":"Malware analysis","level":3,"score":0.459117591381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3600373864173889}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3599004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3599004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3775595010","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272314","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8462374055","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545528966","https://openalex.org/W1573526548","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1978717800","https://openalex.org/W1996975221","https://openalex.org/W2005662348","https://openalex.org/W2021436318","https://openalex.org/W2041130390","https://openalex.org/W2055716572","https://openalex.org/W2065311994","https://openalex.org/W2066220442","https://openalex.org/W2135814109","https://openalex.org/W2293923001","https://openalex.org/W2553476679","https://openalex.org/W2557513839","https://openalex.org/W2632775315","https://openalex.org/W2761652379","https://openalex.org/W2799908179","https://openalex.org/W2889100747","https://openalex.org/W2895892359","https://openalex.org/W2898017895","https://openalex.org/W2905130735","https://openalex.org/W2945936049","https://openalex.org/W2964110616","https://openalex.org/W2998010923","https://openalex.org/W3008918481","https://openalex.org/W3017269319","https://openalex.org/W3025067198","https://openalex.org/W3045322569","https://openalex.org/W3091730061","https://openalex.org/W3133336665","https://openalex.org/W3157076793","https://openalex.org/W3162825625","https://openalex.org/W3172909833","https://openalex.org/W3198240431","https://openalex.org/W4205635956","https://openalex.org/W4220692398","https://openalex.org/W4221112654","https://openalex.org/W4225606056","https://openalex.org/W4285114033","https://openalex.org/W4288070321","https://openalex.org/W4361004367","https://openalex.org/W4378575155","https://openalex.org/W4384661952","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4390317718","https://openalex.org/W4391582407","https://openalex.org/W4399412051","https://openalex.org/W4402264157","https://openalex.org/W4414281281"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2469507153","https://openalex.org/W2008790809","https://openalex.org/W2768892939","https://openalex.org/W4285507391","https://openalex.org/W3164408430","https://openalex.org/W2397240470","https://openalex.org/W2602767565","https://openalex.org/W170652726","https://openalex.org/W2883822334","https://openalex.org/W2134874482"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malware":[0],"detection":[1,71,162,180,189],"remains":[2],"a":[3,82,104,112,150],"critical":[4],"challenge":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,54,64,95,116,153],"the":[8,28,138,157,188,192,200],"increasing":[9],"use":[10],"of":[11,30,58,121,140,203],"code":[12,210],"obfuscation,":[13],"packing,":[14],"and":[15,61,73,163,182],"wrapping":[16],"techniques,":[17],"which":[18,198],"hinder":[19],"traditional":[20],"static":[21],"analysis":[22,86],"methods.":[23],"Dynamic":[24],"analysis,":[25],"particularly":[26],"through":[27],"examination":[29],"Application":[31],"Programming":[32],"Interface":[33],"(API)":[34],"call":[35,102],"sequences,":[36],"has":[37],"emerged":[38],"as":[39],"an":[40],"effective":[41],"approach":[42,174],"for":[43,99,131,160],"identifying":[44],"malicious":[45],"behaviors.":[46],"However,":[47],"existing":[48],"deep":[49],"learning":[50],"models":[51],"often":[52],"struggle":[53],"generate":[55,96],"high-quality":[56],"representations":[57,120,159],"API":[59,101,122,142],"calls":[60],"are":[62,108],"unable":[63],"handle":[65],"previously":[66],"unseen":[67],"APIs,":[68],"thereby":[69],"limiting":[70],"performance":[72],"model":[74,115],"generalization.":[75,146],"To":[76],"address":[77],"these":[78],"challenges,":[79],"we":[80],"propose":[81],"novel":[83],"malware":[84,161],"dynamic":[85],"framework":[87],"that":[88,172],"leverages":[89],"<italic":[90],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[91],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">GPT-4</i>":[92],"prompt":[93],"engineering":[94],"descriptive":[97],"text":[98],"each":[100],"within":[103],"sequence.":[105],"These":[106],"descriptions":[107],"then":[109],"encoded":[110],"using":[111],"pre-trained":[113],"BERT":[114],"produce":[117],"rich,":[118],"knowledge-enhanced":[119],"sequences.":[123],"Our":[124],"method":[125,205],"not":[126],"only":[127],"incorporates":[128],"external":[129],"knowledge":[130],"improved":[132],"semantic":[133],"understanding":[134],"but":[135],"also":[136],"enables":[137],"representation":[139],"unknown":[141],"calls,":[143],"thus":[144],"enhancing":[145],"We":[147],"further":[148],"design":[149],"CNN-based":[151],"classifier":[152],"extract":[154],"features":[155],"from":[156],"enriched":[158],"classification.":[164],"Extensive":[165],"experiments":[166],"on":[167,191],"five":[168],"benchmark":[169],"datasets":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"our":[173,204],"outperforms":[175],"state-of-the-art":[176],"methods,":[177],"achieving":[178],"superior":[179],"accuracy":[181,190],"generalization":[183],"across":[184],"different":[185],"datasets.":[186],"Especially,":[187],"Catak":[193],"dataset":[194],"increased":[195],"by":[196],"12.38%,":[197],"highlights":[199],"significant":[201],"improvement":[202],"in":[206],"challenging":[207],"scenarios.":[208],"The":[209],"is":[211],"available.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}