{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413188511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597774","title":"InSyfer: Industrial Control Protocols Syntax Inference via Graph Representation Learning","display_name":"InSyfer: Industrial Control Protocols Syntax Inference via Graph Representation Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413188511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597774","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597774","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111842822","display_name":"Daoqing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8668-7447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daoqing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8668-7447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100749120","display_name":"Yu Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5458-541X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5458-541X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002483979","display_name":"Yao Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4215-3307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4215-3307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101968922","display_name":"Yunfeng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2617-1214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104233","display_name":"China Electronics Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00vsv8c52","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104233"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfeng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electronics Corporation Sixth Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electronics Corporation Sixth Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104233"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100953649","display_name":"Xiaoli Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1101-2465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1101-2465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101930900","display_name":"Wei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4471-0026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Software, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4471-0026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Software, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110701801","display_name":"Licheng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1387-5846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1387-5846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19209226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"7495","last_page":"7507"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9484999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9484999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8251794576644897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6858084797859192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.533135175704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4644356667995453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.4605428874492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4452965557575226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.42696595191955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38160860538482666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8251794576644897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6858084797859192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.533135175704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4644356667995453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.4605428874492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4452965557575226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.42696595191955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38160860538482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597774","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597774","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1547308659","https://openalex.org/W2018506753","https://openalex.org/W2056325176","https://openalex.org/W2074231493","https://openalex.org/W2160106378","https://openalex.org/W2164253698","https://openalex.org/W2241428156","https://openalex.org/W2779692282","https://openalex.org/W2889322176","https://openalex.org/W2962946486","https://openalex.org/W2964241064","https://openalex.org/W2988250270","https://openalex.org/W3004758087","https://openalex.org/W3038204311","https://openalex.org/W3095263801","https://openalex.org/W3098714061","https://openalex.org/W3138225825","https://openalex.org/W3138456218","https://openalex.org/W3202848566","https://openalex.org/W3217122106","https://openalex.org/W4239025696","https://openalex.org/W4282975557","https://openalex.org/W4285287442","https://openalex.org/W4286268933","https://openalex.org/W4302336301","https://openalex.org/W4312752017","https://openalex.org/W4317931697","https://openalex.org/W4387872679","https://openalex.org/W4388016532","https://openalex.org/W4392796768","https://openalex.org/W4393160468","https://openalex.org/W4393972734","https://openalex.org/W4394862809","https://openalex.org/W4407948650"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388713123","https://openalex.org/W2055243143","https://openalex.org/W3194438104","https://openalex.org/W2570592793","https://openalex.org/W2753140600","https://openalex.org/W2354135050","https://openalex.org/W1979017339","https://openalex.org/W4237266227","https://openalex.org/W2062195135","https://openalex.org/W2372239957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"control":[1],"protocols":[2,34,179],"(ICPs)":[3],"play":[4],"a":[5,27,66,77,89,94,120],"significant":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,14,49],"ensuring":[9],"dependable":[10],"interconnection":[11],"among":[12],"devices":[13],"industrial":[15],"environments.":[16],"Protocol":[17],"reverse":[18,83],"engineering":[19],"(PRE)":[20],"techniques":[21],"are":[22],"commonly":[23],"used":[24],"to":[25,92,124,131,147,165],"analyze":[26],"large":[28],"number":[29],"of":[30,128,157,169,172],"agnostic":[31],"and":[32,75,135,152,176],"proprietary":[33],"based":[35],"on":[36,69],"network":[37],"traffic":[38],"traces":[39],"or":[40],"programs.":[41],"However,":[42],"conventional":[43],"PRE":[44,186],"methods":[45],"face":[46],"several":[47],"challenges":[48],"reversing":[50],"ICPs":[51,82,175],"with":[52,139],"complex":[53],"data":[54],"representations":[55],"that":[56,114,181],"contain":[57],"rich":[58],"structural":[59],"features.":[60,105],"In":[61],"this":[62],"work,":[63],"we":[64,87],"present":[65],"new":[67],"perspective":[68],"message":[70,96,111,150],"representation":[71],"using":[72],"the":[73,116,132,155,167,184],"graph,":[74],"design":[76,108,144],"syntax":[78],"inference":[79],"framework":[80,123],"for":[81,98],"analysis":[84],"(InSyfer).":[85],"Specifically,":[86],"propose":[88],"novel":[90],"method":[91],"construct":[93],"single":[95],"graph":[97],"entire":[99],"traces,":[100],"automatically":[101],"extracting":[102],"syntactical":[103],"similarity":[104],"We":[106,161],"also":[107],"an":[109],"adaptive":[110],"clustering":[112,117],"model":[113],"abstracts":[115],"problem":[118],"into":[119],"binary":[121],"pairwise-classification":[122],"judge":[125],"whether":[126],"pairs":[127],"messages":[129],"belong":[130],"same":[133],"groups":[134],"jointly":[136],"optimizes":[137],"it":[138],"feature":[140],"extraction.":[141],"The":[142],"above":[143],"enables":[145],"InSyfer":[146,182],"accurately":[148],"identify":[149],"types":[151],"greatly":[153],"improves":[154],"correctness":[156],"protocol":[158],"format":[159],"inference.":[160],"conduct":[162],"extensive":[163],"experiments":[164],"verify":[166],"effectiveness":[168],"InSyfer.":[170],"Evaluations":[171],"four":[173],"standard":[174],"two":[177],"unknown":[178],"demonstrate":[180],"outperforms":[183],"state-of-the-art":[185],"methods.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}