{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413212293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597394","title":"XGT: Fast and Secure Decision Tree Training and Inference on GPUs","display_name":"XGT: Fast and Secure Decision Tree Training and Inference on GPUs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413212293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597394"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055007304","display_name":"Qifan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5304-7975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qifan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","University of Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5304-7975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103162802","display_name":"Shujie Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-6800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shujie Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","Monash University, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-6800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027535082","display_name":"Lei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5027-1234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","National University of Defense Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5027-1234","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042029763","display_name":"Ye Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-8047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-8047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079507661","display_name":"Jianli Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6468-629X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianli Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6468-629X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017570709","display_name":"Yun Sing Koh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7256-4049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Sing Koh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","University of Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7256-4049","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072751099","display_name":"Giovanni Russello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-0803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Russello","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","University of Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-0803","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4565,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90341011,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"7479","last_page":"7494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9395999908447266,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9078999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8382949829101562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.6029456853866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5423487424850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.4675765335559845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4263894855976105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3702227473258972}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8382949829101562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.6029456853866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5423487424850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4675765335559845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4263894855976105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3702227473258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3597394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2457010720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6404655336","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44936433","https://openalex.org/W1499934958","https://openalex.org/W1528076390","https://openalex.org/W1678889691","https://openalex.org/W1921457292","https://openalex.org/W1997859100","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2105454049","https://openalex.org/W2156800337","https://openalex.org/W2263086798","https://openalex.org/W2536058570","https://openalex.org/W2573908344","https://openalex.org/W2626498001","https://openalex.org/W2744061387","https://openalex.org/W2891810898","https://openalex.org/W2895865029","https://openalex.org/W2899635708","https://openalex.org/W2953483183","https://openalex.org/W3011466468","https://openalex.org/W3033846245","https://openalex.org/W3093021001","https://openalex.org/W3097371090","https://openalex.org/W3102510044","https://openalex.org/W3108146280","https://openalex.org/W3108285671","https://openalex.org/W3111157675","https://openalex.org/W3155184874","https://openalex.org/W3175329822","https://openalex.org/W3184223012","https://openalex.org/W3205746744","https://openalex.org/W3209723788","https://openalex.org/W4220722442","https://openalex.org/W4220783248","https://openalex.org/W4229052361","https://openalex.org/W4250031095","https://openalex.org/W4315706036","https://openalex.org/W4385270478","https://openalex.org/W4385489040","https://openalex.org/W4394871761","https://openalex.org/W4402264258","https://openalex.org/W4409156291","https://openalex.org/W4409310868","https://openalex.org/W4410475190"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W2810751659","https://openalex.org/W258997015","https://openalex.org/W2997094352","https://openalex.org/W4412817058","https://openalex.org/W3216976533","https://openalex.org/W100620283","https://openalex.org/W2495260952","https://openalex.org/W4366179611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,181],"decision":[1],"tree":[2,162,179],"(DT)":[3],"model":[4],"is":[5,53],"widely":[6],"usedin":[7],"various":[8,129],"applications":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,23,69,139],"its":[12],"versatility,":[13],"speed,":[14],"and":[15,21,41,80,111,121,166,173,213],"interpretability.":[16],"However,":[17],"outsourcing":[18],"DT":[19,39,88,109,199],"training":[20,40,110,120,172],"inference":[22,42,112,122,174,211],"cloud":[24],"platforms":[25],"raises":[26],"data":[27,159,167],"privacy":[28],"concerns.":[29],"While":[30],"significant":[31],"strides":[32],"have":[33,65],"been":[34],"made":[35],"in":[36,57,86,119,142],"developing":[37],"private":[38,108],"using":[43,67],"cryptography":[44],"such":[45],"as":[46],"Secure":[47],"Multi-Party":[48],"Computation":[49],"(MPC),":[50],"the":[51,71,81,90,98,115,147,161,171,178,190,196],"performance":[52,72],"still":[54],"not":[55],"ideal":[56],"real-world":[58],"applications.":[59],"Only":[60],"a":[61,94,103,153],"few":[62],"recent":[63],"works":[64],"explored":[66],"GPUs":[68,93],"enhance":[70],"of":[73,92,117,150],"MPC-based":[74,87,105],"deep":[75],"learning.":[76],"Nevertheless,":[77],"data-dependent":[78],"operations":[79,118],"high":[82],"communication":[83,143],"costs":[84],"inherent":[85],"make":[89],"integration":[91],"challenge.":[95],"We":[96],"introduce":[97],"eXpress":[99],"GPU-based":[100,198],"Tree":[101],"(XGT),":[102],"fast":[104],"framework":[106],"for":[107],"on":[113],"GPUs.XGTconverts":[114],"majority":[116],"into":[123],"parallelizable":[124],"matrix":[125,132],"operations,":[126],"supplemented":[127],"by":[128],"optimizations,":[130],"including":[131],"dimension":[133],"reductions.":[134],"This":[135],"innovative":[136],"design":[137],"leads":[138],"substantial":[140],"reductions":[141],"overhead":[144],"while":[145],"maintaining":[146],"critical":[148],"property":[149],"obliviousness.XGTalso":[151],"achieves":[152],"stronger":[154],"security":[155],"guarantee,":[156],"where":[157],"all":[158],"items,":[160],"shape,":[163],"access":[164],"patterns,":[165],"distributions":[168],"generated":[169],"during":[170],"are":[175],"protected.XGTonly":[176],"reveals":[177],"depth.":[180],"experimental":[182],"results":[183],"show":[184],"thatXGTis":[185],"up":[186,205],"to$278{\\times":[187],"}$faster":[188,207],"than":[189,208,217],"previous":[191,209],"most":[192],"efficient":[193],"CPU-based":[194,210],"approach.XGToutperforms":[195],"latest":[197],"work":[200],"by$41{\\times":[201],"}$.":[202],"For":[203],"inference,XGTis":[204],"to$2,800{\\times":[206],"schemes":[212],"at":[214],"least$18":[215],"\\times$faster":[216],"GPU-based.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
