{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410949561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3575915","title":"Optimized Vectorization Implementation of CRYSTALS-Dilithium","display_name":"Optimized Vectorization Implementation of CRYSTALS-Dilithium","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410949561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3575915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3575915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3575915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028788760","display_name":"Jieyu Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-8228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jieyu Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-8228","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haoliang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0297-2898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoliang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0297-2898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113154979","display_name":"Zhenyu Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9418-3483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9418-3483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0462-9291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0462-9291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101712881","display_name":"Yunlei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2623-9170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2623-9170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028788760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.459,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59225983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"5730","last_page":"5743"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12613","display_name":"X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography","score":0.23909999430179596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12613","display_name":"X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography","score":0.23909999430179596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilithium","display_name":"Dilithium","score":0.7583938837051392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6716971397399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vectorization","display_name":"Vectorization (mathematics)","score":0.63764488697052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3325628936290741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.32263103127479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10156941413879395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775951159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189242","display_name":"Dilithium","level":4,"score":0.7583938837051392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6716971397399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41681595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7917855","display_name":"Vectorization (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.63764488697052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3325628936290741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.32263103127479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10156941413879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118629725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2686738","display_name":"Deprotonation","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3575915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3575915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506156414","https://openalex.org/W1985439922","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2142048307","https://openalex.org/W2203293987","https://openalex.org/W2528154059","https://openalex.org/W2610964475","https://openalex.org/W2912166069","https://openalex.org/W2915352631","https://openalex.org/W3012153794","https://openalex.org/W3095245686","https://openalex.org/W3157250574","https://openalex.org/W4206481552","https://openalex.org/W4210531213","https://openalex.org/W4212924860","https://openalex.org/W4214660968","https://openalex.org/W4226075590","https://openalex.org/W4231896027","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4285302767","https://openalex.org/W4298363122","https://openalex.org/W4311165831","https://openalex.org/W4384339345","https://openalex.org/W4401942433","https://openalex.org/W4401979972","https://openalex.org/W4402278462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3158626348","https://openalex.org/W2950221173","https://openalex.org/W1988497436","https://openalex.org/W2035419609","https://openalex.org/W343461076","https://openalex.org/W2601539487","https://openalex.org/W185650049"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CRYSTALS-Dilithium":[0],"is":[1,7,94],"a":[2,23,89,118,142],"lattice-based":[3],"signature":[4,16],"scheme":[5],"that":[6,73,93],"being":[8],"standardized":[9],"by":[10,45,81],"NIST":[11],"as":[12],"the":[13,28,40,60,78,107,112,130,166,173],"primary":[14],"post-quantum":[15],"algorithm.":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19],"work,":[20],"we":[21,87,104,116],"present":[22,117],"comprehensive":[24],"study":[25],"of":[26,30,70,122,129,144,153],"optimizing":[27,127],"implementation":[29,121,149],"Dilithium":[31,123,131],"using":[32,124],"Advanced":[33],"Vector":[34],"Extensions":[35],"(AVX),":[36],"specifically":[37],"AVX2":[38,66,175],"and":[39,67,96,137,161],"latest":[41],"AVX-512.":[42],"We":[43,63],"begin":[44],"introducing":[46],"an":[47],"enhanced":[48],"parallel":[49],"small":[50],"polynomial":[51],"multiplication":[52],"with":[53],"tailored":[54,90,113],"early":[55],"evaluation":[56],"(PSPM-TEE)":[57],"to":[58,133,172],"accelerate":[59],"signing":[61],"process.":[62],"provide":[64],"both":[65,135],"AVX-512":[68,148],"implementations":[69],"PSPM-TEE,":[71],"demonstrating":[72],"our":[74,147],"PSPM":[75],"algorithm":[76],"outperforms":[77],"traditional":[79],"NTT":[80],"47%-66%":[82],"on":[83],"these":[84,145],"platforms.":[85],"Next,":[86],"propose":[88],"reduction":[91],"method":[92],"simpler":[95],"faster":[97],"than":[98],"Montgomery":[99],"reduction.":[100,114],"By":[101],"leveraging":[102],"AVX-512IFMA,":[103],"further":[105],"minimize":[106],"CPU":[108],"cycles":[109],"required":[110],"for":[111,165],"Finally,":[115],"fully":[119],"vectorized":[120],"AVX-512,":[125],"carefully":[126],"most":[128],"functions":[132],"improve":[134],"time":[136],"space":[138],"efficiency":[139],"simultaneously.":[140],"As":[141],"result":[143],"optimizations,":[146],"achieves":[150],"performance":[151],"improvements":[152],"2.25\u00d7/2.07\u00d7/2.20\u00d7":[154],"in":[155,159,163],"key":[156],"generation,":[157],"2.07\u00d7/2.13\u00d7/2.36\u00d7":[158],"signing,":[160],"2.20\u00d7/2.36\u00d7/2.46\u00d7":[162],"verification":[164],"Dilithium2/3/5":[167],"parameter":[168],"sets,":[169],"respectively":[170],"compared":[171],"state-of-the-art":[174],"implementation.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
