{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409916877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3565229","title":"Split Learning Without Local Weight Sharing to Enhance Client-Side Data Privacy","display_name":"Split Learning Without Local Weight Sharing to Enhance Client-Side Data Privacy","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409916877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3565229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3565229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3565229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101644358","display_name":"Ngoc Duy Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3022-2205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123993","display_name":"Van Lang University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ryrf141","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}],"countries":["AU","VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ngoc Duy Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3022-2205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Khoa T. Phan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0471-9402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khoa T. Phan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences (CSIT), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia","School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0471-9402","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences (CSIT), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Alsharif Abuadbba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9695-7947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alsharif Abuadbba","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO&#x2019;s Data61 &#x0026; Cybersecurity CRC, Eveleigh, NSW, Australia","CSIRO&#x0027;s Data61 &amp; Cybersecurity CRC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9695-7947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO&#x2019;s Data61 &#x0026; Cybersecurity CRC, Eveleigh, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO&#x0027;s Data61 &amp; Cybersecurity CRC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101863680","display_name":"Yansong Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5783-2172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yansong Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","Department of Computer Science and Software Computing, The University of Western Australia, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Computing, The University of Western Australia, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087959841","display_name":"Van-Doan Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5834-3709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van-Doan Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences (CSIT), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia","School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5834-3709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences (CSIT), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033056152","display_name":"Naveen Chilamkurti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-8897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveen Chilamkurti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences (CSIT), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia","School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-8897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences (CSIT), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0192,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94703498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"5352","last_page":"5365"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9146000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.735010027885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/client-side","display_name":"Client-side","score":0.6222073435783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4855961203575134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4546414613723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3699028193950653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.30287232995033264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.735010027885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202477664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352449","display_name":"Client-side","level":2,"score":0.6222073435783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4855961203575134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4546414613723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3699028193950653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.30287232995033264}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3565229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3565229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/393eff8e-90f3-45f8-a2e9-2ea3cb2fdbec","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/393eff8e-90f3-45f8-a2e9-2ea3cb2fdbec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402492","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Pham, N D, Phan, T K, Abuadbba, A, Gao, Y, Nguyen, V D & Chilamkurti, N 2025, 'Split Learning without Local Weight Sharing To Enhance Client-side Data Privacy', IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 5352-5365. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2025.3565229","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060277733","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2809414288","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2948978827","https://openalex.org/W2963080724","https://openalex.org/W2963209930","https://openalex.org/W2964881778","https://openalex.org/W2989885118","https://openalex.org/W3009048827","https://openalex.org/W3018102029","https://openalex.org/W3084432478","https://openalex.org/W3091884625","https://openalex.org/W3105915864","https://openalex.org/W3109503640","https://openalex.org/W3112787034","https://openalex.org/W3129519326","https://openalex.org/W3135345339","https://openalex.org/W3173069197","https://openalex.org/W3211848727","https://openalex.org/W4200406332","https://openalex.org/W4248649186","https://openalex.org/W4285231662","https://openalex.org/W4285394026","https://openalex.org/W4293514802","https://openalex.org/W4294679204","https://openalex.org/W4306952702","https://openalex.org/W4312365010","https://openalex.org/W4312815981","https://openalex.org/W4312845401","https://openalex.org/W4319663787","https://openalex.org/W4319778953","https://openalex.org/W4375928586","https://openalex.org/W4396878072","https://openalex.org/W4402775671","https://openalex.org/W4403277839","https://openalex.org/W4403401569"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2584827882","https://openalex.org/W3195097297","https://openalex.org/W4225340788","https://openalex.org/W3038106605","https://openalex.org/W2513267613","https://openalex.org/W3049084372","https://openalex.org/W2528109871","https://openalex.org/W2940702331","https://openalex.org/W2905822832","https://openalex.org/W2240244939"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Split":[0],"learning":[1],"(SL)":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,63,89,118,138,172],"protect":[5],"user":[6],"data":[7,19,45,66,145,177],"privacy":[8,46,67,161],"by":[9,49,94,158],"distributing":[10],"deep":[11],"models":[12],"between":[13],"the":[14,27,34,37,54,65,91,120,155,193],"client-server":[15],"and":[16,72,111,165,185,200,203],"keeping":[17],"private":[18],"locally.":[20],"In":[21],"SL":[22,57,75,78,124,174],"training":[23,92,116,189,205],"with":[24,107,210],"multiple":[25,96],"clients,":[26],"local":[28,38,50,80],"model":[29,39,59,98],"weights":[30],"are":[31],"shared":[32],"among":[33,53],"clients":[35,55,110,127],"for":[36,183],"updates.":[40],"This":[41],"paper":[42],"first":[43],"reveals":[44],"leakage":[47,68],"exacerbated":[48],"weight":[51,81],"sharing":[52],"in":[56,123,190,206],"through":[58],"inversion":[60],"attacks.":[61],"Then,":[62],"reduce":[64,136],"issue,":[69],"we":[70,104],"propose":[71,85],"analyze":[73],"privacy-enhanced":[74],"(P-SL)":[76],"(or":[77],"without":[79,100],"sharing).":[82],"We":[83],"further":[84],"a":[86,113,150,207],"parallelized":[87],"P-SL":[88,106,134,164,191],"expedite":[90],"process":[93],"duplicating":[95],"server-side":[97,114],"instances":[99],"compromising":[101],"accuracy.":[102],"Finally,":[103],"explore":[105],"late":[108,126],"participating":[109],"devise":[112],"cache-based":[115,167],"method":[117],"address":[119],"forgetting":[121],"phenomenon":[122],"when":[125],"join.":[128],"The":[129],"experiment":[130],"results":[131],"demonstrate":[132],"that":[133],"helps":[135],"up":[137],"<inline-formula":[139],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[140],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[141],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$50\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[142],"of":[143,196],"client-side":[144],"leakage,":[146],"which":[147],"essentially":[148],"achieves":[149],"better":[151],"privacy-accuracy":[152],"trade-off":[153],"than":[154],"current":[156],"trend":[157],"using":[159],"differential":[160],"mechanisms.":[162],"Moreover,":[163],"its":[166],"version":[168],"achieve":[169],"comparable":[170],"accuracy":[171],"baseline":[173],"under":[175],"various":[176],"distributions,":[178],"while":[179],"incurring":[180],"lower":[181],"costs":[182],"computation":[184],"communication.":[186],"Additionally,":[187],"caching-based":[188],"mitigates":[192],"negative":[194],"effect":[195],"forgetting,":[197],"stabilizes":[198],"learning,":[199],"enables":[201],"practical":[202],"low-complexity":[204],"dynamic":[208],"environment":[209],"late-arriving":[211],"clients.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}