{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409580826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3562600","title":"CARD: Robustness-Preserving Transfer Learning for Network Intrusion Detection via Contrastive Adversarial Representation Distillation","display_name":"CARD: Robustness-Preserving Transfer Learning for Network Intrusion Detection via Contrastive Adversarial Representation Distillation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409580826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3562600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3562600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3562600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065641592","display_name":"Mengdie Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3705-7345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengdie Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3705-7345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071833234","display_name":"Yingjun Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5749-2058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101471208","display_name":"Ninghui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8207-9717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ninghui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8207-9717","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047378133","display_name":"Xiaofeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5858-5070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5858-5070","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061694501","display_name":"Elisa Bertino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4029-7051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Bertino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4029-7051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6667,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68905766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"5134","last_page":"5151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8081109523773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7448626756668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6983039379119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5277983546257019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5151280164718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distillation","display_name":"Distillation","score":0.4923511743545532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4342436194419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.42000848054885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4155479371547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3231987953186035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8081109523773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7448626756668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6983039379119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5277983546257019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5151280164718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.4923511743545532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4342436194419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.42000848054885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4155479371547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3231987953186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3562600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3562600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3787764148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(B16037)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336698","funder_display_name":"Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5538951345","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62121001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7940625749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62432012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336698","display_name":"Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2280985394","https://openalex.org/W2918854598","https://openalex.org/W2964111476","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2965561013","https://openalex.org/W2986055611","https://openalex.org/W2997560666","https://openalex.org/W3006624784","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3092093850","https://openalex.org/W3093410479","https://openalex.org/W3121661476","https://openalex.org/W3193176023","https://openalex.org/W3204279503","https://openalex.org/W3205604077","https://openalex.org/W3216639050","https://openalex.org/W4224331011","https://openalex.org/W4281701520","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4316661146","https://openalex.org/W4324007187","https://openalex.org/W4384080510","https://openalex.org/W4385234702","https://openalex.org/W4386065392","https://openalex.org/W4386065434","https://openalex.org/W4394975825","https://openalex.org/W4407782069","https://openalex.org/W4409483265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W3099502074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robust":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"are":[3],"essential":[4],"to":[5,12,43,110],"build":[6],"network":[7],"intrusion":[8],"detection":[9,171],"systems":[10],"resilient":[11],"evasion":[13,161],"attacks.":[14],"Learning":[15],"such":[16],"models":[17,42],"via":[18],"adversarial":[19,65,90,200,214],"training":[20,191],"demands":[21],"extensive":[22],"labeled":[23],"data":[24,137,142,183,192],"and":[25,67,77,119,144,149,152,159,163,169,185,197,207,216],"high":[26],"model":[27,115,125,145,155,186],"capacity,":[28],"making":[29],"it":[30],"impractical":[31],"in":[32,141,178],"evolving,":[33],"resource-constrained":[34],"threat":[35],"environments.":[36],"Transfer":[37],"learning":[38],"(TL)":[39],"uses":[40],"pre-trained":[41],"enhance":[44],"downstream":[45],"tasks,":[46],"offering":[47],"a":[48,100,112,122],"promising":[49],"mitigation":[50],"approach.":[51],"However,":[52],"most":[53],"TL":[54,91,103,180],"approaches":[55],"prioritize":[56],"performance":[57,120],"on":[58,167],"clean":[59],"examples":[60,66],"without":[61],"addressing":[62],"robustness":[63,118,156],"against":[64,157],"random":[68],"variations.":[69],"Our":[70],"empirical":[71],"study":[72],"reveals":[73],"that":[74,173],"standard":[75],"fine-tuning":[76,215],"distillation":[78],"often":[79],"yield":[80],"accurate":[81],"but":[82],"not":[83],"robust":[84,113,123,201,211],"models,":[85],"while":[86],"the":[87,127],"few":[88],"existing":[89],"provide":[92],"limited":[93],"robustness.":[94],"In":[95],"this":[96],"paper,":[97],"we":[98],"propose":[99],"novel":[101],"robustness-preserving":[102],"framework,":[104],"Contrastive":[105],"Adversarial":[106],"Representation":[107],"Distillation":[108],"(CARD),":[109],"generate":[111],"target":[114,128,135,148,154],"by":[116],"transferring":[117],"from":[121],"source":[124,150],"into":[126],"task.":[129],"CARD":[130,174],"tackles":[131],"three":[132],"issues:":[133],"(i)":[134],"domain":[136],"scarcity;":[138],"(ii)":[139],"differences":[140],"domains":[143,184],"architectures":[146,187],"between":[147],"tasks;":[151],"(iii)":[153],"static":[158],"adaptive":[160],"attacks,":[162],"natural":[164,210],"corruptions.":[165],"Experiments":[166],"binary":[168],"multiclass":[170],"show":[172],"outperforms":[175],"state-of-the-art":[176],"methods":[177],"various":[179],"tasks":[181],"across":[182],"when":[188],"only":[189],"5%":[190],"is":[193],"available,":[194],"achieving":[195],"17.67%":[196],"8.38%":[198],"higher":[199,209],"accuracy":[202,212],"as":[203,205],"well":[204],"9.75%":[206],"11.42%":[208],"than":[213],"distillation.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
