{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408564006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3552583","title":"Understanding User Passwords Through Parsing Tree","display_name":"Understanding User Passwords Through Parsing Tree","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408564006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3552583"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3552583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3552583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030674762","display_name":"Ding Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1667-2237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1667-2237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068608786","display_name":"Xuan Shan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4074-9349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuxuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7071-557X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7071-557X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005646333","display_name":"Chunfu Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-9690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunfu Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-9690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.08,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95505001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"4722","last_page":"4736"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9282000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8529118299484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.658726692199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.6232136487960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5040373206138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34355485439300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2001059353351593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8529118299484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.658726692199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6232136487960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5040373206138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34355485439300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2001059353351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3552583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2025.3552583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133795288","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","issn_l":"1545-5971","issn":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G347215597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6401220598","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62222208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W821002660","https://openalex.org/W1987516957","https://openalex.org/W2007488200","https://openalex.org/W2019578814","https://openalex.org/W2022580268","https://openalex.org/W2025448348","https://openalex.org/W2030112111","https://openalex.org/W2037202491","https://openalex.org/W2066345778","https://openalex.org/W2073342447","https://openalex.org/W2086553822","https://openalex.org/W2093397575","https://openalex.org/W2100783932","https://openalex.org/W2135359429","https://openalex.org/W2157151879","https://openalex.org/W2411725940","https://openalex.org/W2490171383","https://openalex.org/W2528123348","https://openalex.org/W2538793708","https://openalex.org/W2743597791","https://openalex.org/W2795753884","https://openalex.org/W2885376490","https://openalex.org/W2891114826","https://openalex.org/W2904985786","https://openalex.org/W2910394228","https://openalex.org/W2931153881","https://openalex.org/W2940184589","https://openalex.org/W2963532563","https://openalex.org/W2982664727","https://openalex.org/W3031972324","https://openalex.org/W3087524242","https://openalex.org/W3097523736","https://openalex.org/W3153466684","https://openalex.org/W3155266060","https://openalex.org/W3162121909","https://openalex.org/W3194311276","https://openalex.org/W3200024119","https://openalex.org/W3212185415","https://openalex.org/W3215903849","https://openalex.org/W4225308903","https://openalex.org/W4288057720","https://openalex.org/W4319079550","https://openalex.org/W4386554886"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W2656445685","https://openalex.org/W1004582678","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2263162522","https://openalex.org/W107495730"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passwords":[0],"are":[1,164,221],"today\u2019s":[2],"dominant":[3],"form":[4],"of":[5,33,81,207,249,273],"authentication,":[6],"and":[7,26,101,136,160,188,252,267],"password":[8,17,20,65,75,150,278],"guessing":[9,21,184,191,219],"is":[10,69],"the":[11,39,46,51,73,115,131,137,149,154,168,205,234,250],"most":[12],"effective":[13],"method":[14],"for":[15,114],"evaluating":[16],"strength.":[18],"Most":[19],"models":[22],"(e.g.,":[23],"PCFG,":[24],"Markov,":[25],"RFGuess)":[27],"regard":[28],"passwords":[29,56,90,121,135,266],"as":[30,122],"sequences":[31],"composed":[32],"basic":[34,155],"units":[35,156],"(i.e.,":[36,44],"characters/segments),":[37],"with":[38,105],"information":[40,197],"flow":[41],"being":[42,253],"unidirectional":[43],"predicting":[45],"next":[47],"unit":[48],"based":[49,193],"on":[50,110,167,194,263],"preceding":[52],"units).":[53],"However,":[54],"modeling":[55],"in":[57,148,238],"a":[58,92,174,182,189,229,260,269],"single":[59],"direction":[60],"fails":[61],"to":[62,119,233,277],"capture":[63],"users\u2019":[64],"creation":[66],"behavior":[67],"that":[68,86],"actually":[70],"impacted":[71],"by":[72,216],"full":[74],"context.":[76],"Through":[77],"an":[78],"in-depth":[79],"analysis":[80],"real-world":[82],"passwords,":[83],"we":[84],"reveal":[85,130],"users":[87,141],"often":[88],"create":[89],"around":[91],"central":[93],"keyword,":[94],"like":[95],"common":[96],"words,":[97],"names,":[98],"or":[99,107],"dates,":[100],"then":[102],"embellish":[103],"them":[104],"numbers":[106,220],"symbols.":[108],"Based":[109],"this":[111],"observation,":[112],"we,":[113],"first":[116],"time,":[117],"attempt":[118],"parse":[120],"trees.":[123],"Unlike":[124],"existing":[125],"sequence":[126],"models,":[127],"trees":[128],"can":[129],"semantic":[132],"connections":[133],"within":[134],"logical":[138],"thought":[139],"processes":[140],"follow":[142],"when":[143,218],"creating":[144],"passwords.":[145],"For":[146],"instance,":[147],"<monospace":[151,157,161,170],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[152,158,162,171,179],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">iloveyou</monospace>,":[153],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">i</monospace>":[159],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">you</monospace>":[163],"semantically":[165],"dependent":[166],"predicate":[169],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">love</monospace>,":[172],"forming":[173],"natural":[175],"tree":[176,275],"structure.":[177],"<p":[178],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">We":[180],"propose":[181],"trawling":[183],"model":[185,192],"called":[186],"PassTree":[187,211],"targeted":[190],"personally":[195],"identifiable":[196],"(PII),":[198],"named":[199],"PassTree-PII.":[200],"Our":[201,257],"extensive":[202],"experiments":[203],"demonstrate":[204],"effectiveness":[206],"our":[208],"models:":[209],"(1)":[210],"outperforms":[212],"its":[213],"leading":[214],"counterparts":[215],"0.38%-2.51%":[217],"below":[222],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[223],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$10^{7}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math><inline-graphic":[224],"xlink:href=\"jia-ieq1-3552583.gif\"/></alternatives></inline-formula>;":[225],"(2)":[226],"PassTree-PII":[227],"achieves":[228],"cracking":[230],"rate":[231],"comparable":[232],"state-of-the-art":[235],"RFGuess-PII":[236],"proposed":[237],"USENIX":[239],"Security\u201923,":[240],"but":[241],"operates":[242],"significantly":[243],"more":[244],"efficiently,":[245],"using":[246],"only":[247],"0.87%":[248],"memory":[251],"16.60":[254],"times":[255],"faster.":[256],"work":[258],"provides":[259],"new":[261],"perspective":[262],"understanding":[264],"user":[265],"demonstrates":[268],"feasible":[270],"technical":[271],"route":[272],"applying":[274],"structures":[276],"guessing.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
